| pestfind

## Function

Finds PEST motifs as potential proteolytic cleavage sites

## Description

pestfind allows rapid and objective identification of PEST motifs in protein target sequences. Briefly, the PEST hypothesis was based on a literature survey that combined both information on protein stability as well as protein primary sequence information. Initially, the study relied on 12 short-lived proteins with well-known properties [1], but was continually extended later [2,3]. The initial group of proteins included E1A, c-myc, p53, c-fos, v-myb, P730 phytochrome, heat shock protein 70 (HSP 70), HMG-CoA reductase, tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), alpha-Casein and beta-Casein. Although all these proteins exerted various different cellular functions it became apparent that they shared high local concentrations of amino acids proline (P), glutamic acid (E), serine (S), threonine (T) and to a lesser extent aspartic acid (D). From that it was concluded that PEST motifs reduce the half-lives of proteins dramatically and hence, that they target proteins for proteolytic degradation.

PEST means Black Death in German, so that the name of this programme sounds a bit strange, at least in our ears.

## Algorithm

PEST motifs were defined as hydrophilic stretches of at least 12 amino acids length with a high local concentration of critical amino acids. Remarkably, negatively charged amino acids are clustered within these motifs while positively charged amino acids, arginine (R), histidine (H) and lysine (K) are generally forbidden.

The pestfind algorithm defines the last criterion even more stringently in that PEST motifs are required to be flanked by positively charged amino acids. Though this implication greatly facilitates computer scanning, a few PEST sequences might be missed. Especially sequences with a high local concentration of critical amino acids but with a long distance between positively charged amino acids are error prone. Due to their length, these PEST motifs might become diluted, which results in scores apparently lower than initially expected. Another side effect of scanning for positively charged amino acids is that very long PEST motifs are sub-divided into adjacent smaller ones. However, identification of PEST motifs is achieved by an initial scan for positively charged amino acids arginine (R), histidine (H) and lysine (K) within the specified protein sequence. All amino acids between the positively charged flanks are counted and only those motifs are considered further, which contain a number of amino acids equal to or higher than the window-size parameter. Additionally, all 'valid' PEST regions are required to contain at least one proline (P), one aspartate (D) or glutamate (E) and at least one serine (S) or threonine(T). Sequences that do not meet the above criteria are classified as 'invalid' PEST motifs and excluded from further analysis.

The quality of 'valid' PEST motifs is refined by means of a scoring parameter based on the local enrichment of critical amino acids as well as the motif's hydrophobicity. Enrichment of D, E, P, S and T is expressed in mass percent (w/w) and corrected for one equivalent of D or E, one of P and one of S or T. Calculation of hydrophobicity follows in principle the method of J. Kyte and R.F. Doolittle [4]. For simplified calculations, Kyte-Doolittle hydropathy indices, which originally ranged from -4.5 for arginine to +4.5 for isoleucine, were converted to positive integers. This was achieved by the following linear transformation, which yielded values from 0 for arginine to 90 for isoleucine.

Hydropathy index = 10 * Kyte-Doolittle hydropathy index + 45

The motif's hydrophobicity is calculated as the sum over the products of mole percent and hydrophobicity index for each amino acid species. The desired PEST score is obtained as combination of local enrichment term and hydrophobicity term as expressed by the following equation:

PEST score = 0.55 * DEPST - 0.5 * hydrophobicity index.

Although the formula above differs from the publication [1], it is in fact the correct one, which was also implemented in the original BASICA(R) programme (personal communication). Nevertheless, a (minor) deviation from the original programme is still present, as hydropathy indices of three amino acids were one unit off the Kyte-Doolittle hydropathy scale. A correction of these indices results in calculation of slightly lower PEST scores in comparison to the original programme. However, PEST scores can range from -45 for poly-isoleucine to about +50 for poly-aspartate plus one proline and one serine. 'Valid' PEST motifs below the threshold score (5.0) are considered as 'poor', while PEST scores above the threshold score are of real biological interest. The higher the PEST score, the more likely is degradation of proteins mediated via 'potential' PEST motifs in eukaryotic cells.

Presently, all modified Kyte-Doolittle hydropathy indices are hard-coded into the programme, which might change in future.

The array of linear transformed Kyte-Doolittle hydropathy indices (ltkdhi) is listed in alphabetical order below. (A-M and N-Z as well as N-terminus and C-terminus)

63, 10, 70, 10, 10, 72, 41, 13, 90, 0, 6, 82, 64, 10, 0, 29, 10, 0, 36, 38, 0, 87, 36, 45, 58, 10, 0, 0

The linear transformation was ltkdhi = 10 * kdhi + 45
All values range from Argine R = 0 to Isoleucine I = 90
B=(N|D)=10 since N=10 and D=10
Z=(Q|E)=10 since Q=10 and E=10
X=10*0+45=45

## Usage

Here is a sample session with pestfind

    % pestfind -graph cps -invalid
    Finds PEST motifs as potential proteolytic cleavage sites
    Enter input sequence: ../../data/exu2_drops.embl
    Enter window length [10]:
    Sort order of results
          1 : length
          2 : position
          3 : score
    Select sort order of results [score]:
    Enter output filename [exu2_drops.pestfind]:

    Created pestfind.ps

Go to the input files for this example
Go to the output files for this example

## Command line arguments

       Mandatory qualifiers:
      [-sequence]          sequence   Protein sequence USA to be analysed.
       -window             integer    Minimal distance between positively charged
                                      amino acids.
       -order              selection  Name of the output file which holds the
                                      results of the analysis. Results may be
                                      sorted by length, position and score.
       -outfile            outfile    Name of file to which results will be
                                      written.
       -graph              xygraph    Graph type

       Optional qualifiers:
       -threshold          float      Threshold value to discriminate weak from
                                      potential PEST motifs. Valid PEST motifs are
                                      discriminated into 'poor' and 'potential'
                                      motifs depending on this threshold score. By
                                      default, the default value is set to +5.0
                                      based on experimental data. Alterations are
                                      not recommended since significance is a
                                      matter of biology, not mathematics.
       -aadata             string     File of amino acid properties and molecular
                                      masses.

       Advanced qualifiers:
       -[no]potential      boolean    Decide whether potential PEST motifs should
                                      be printed.
       -[no]poor           boolean    Decide whether poor PEST motifs should be
                                      printed.
       -invalid            boolean    Decide whether invalid PEST motifs should be
                                      printed.
       -[no]map            boolean    Decide whether PEST motifs should be mapped
                                      to sequence.

       Associated qualifiers:
      "-sequence" related qualifiers
       -sbegin1             integer    First base used
       -send1               integer    Last base used, def=seq length
       -sreverse1           boolean    Reverse (if DNA)
       -sask1               boolean    Ask for begin/end/reverse
       -snucleotide1        boolean    Sequence is nucleotide
       -sprotein1           boolean    Sequence is protein
       -slower1             boolean    Make lower case
       -supper1             boolean    Make upper case
       -sformat1            string     Input sequence format
       -sopenfile1          string     Input filename
       -sdbname1            string     Database name
       -sid1                string     Entryname
       -ufo1                string     UFO features
       -fformat1            string     Features format
       -fopenfile1          string     Features file name
      "-outfile" related qualifiers
       -odirectory          string     Output directory
      "-graph" related qualifiers
       -gprompt             boolean    Graph prompting
       -gtitle              string     Graph title
       -gsubtitle           string     Graph subtitle
       -gxtitle             string     Graph x axis title
       -gytitle             string     Graph y axis title
       -goutfile            string     Output file for non interactive displays
       -gdirectory          string     Output directory

       General qualifiers:
       -auto                boolean    Turn off prompts
       -stdout              boolean    Write standard output
       -filter              boolean    Read standard input, write standard output
       -options             boolean    Prompt for required and optional values
       -debug               boolean    Write debug output to program.dbg
       -acdlog              boolean    Write ACD processing log to program.acdlog
       -acdpretty           boolean    Rewrite ACD file as program.acdpretty
       -acdtable            boolean    Write HTML table of options
       -verbose             boolean    Report some/full command line options
       -help                boolean    Report command line options. More
                                      information on associated and general
                                      qualifiers can be found with -help -verbose
       -warning             boolean    Report warnings
       -error               boolean    Report errors
       -fatal               boolean    Report fatal errors
       -die                 boolean    Report deaths

Mandatory qualifiers | Allowed values | Default
--- | --- | ---
[-sequence] (Parameter 1) | Protein sequence USA to be analysed. | Readable sequence | Required
-window | Minimal distance between positively charged amino acids. | Integer 2 or more | 10
-order | Name of the output file which holds the results of the analysis. Results may be sorted by length, position and score. | Choose from selection list of values | score
-outfile | Name of file to which results will be written. | Output file | <sequence>.pestfind
-graph | Graph type | EMBOSS has a list of known devices, including postscript, ps, hpgl, hp7470, hp7580, meta, colourps, cps, xwindows, x11, tektronics, tekt, tek4107t, tek, none, null, text, data, xterm, png | EMBOSS_GRAPHICS value, or x11
Optional qualifiers | Allowed values | Default
-threshold | Threshold value to discriminate weak from potential PEST motifs. Valid PEST motifs are discriminated into 'poor' and 'potential' motifs depending on this threshold score. By default, the default value is set to +5.0 based on experimental data. Alterations are not recommended since significance is a matter of biology, not mathematics. | Number from -55.00 to 55.00 | +5.0
-aadata | File of amino acid properties and molecular masses. | Any string is accepted | Eamino.dat
Advanced qualifiers | Allowed values | Default
-[no]potential | Decide whether potential PEST motifs should be printed. | Boolean value Yes/No | Yes
-[no]poor | Decide whether poor PEST motifs should be printed. | Boolean value Yes/No | Yes
-invalid | Decide whether invalid PEST motifs should be printed. | Boolean value Yes/No | No
-[no]map | Decide whether PEST motifs should be mapped to sequence. | Boolean value Yes/No | Yes

## Input file format

pestfind reads any normal protein sequence USA.

### Input files for usage example

### File: ../../data/exu2_drops.embl

    ID   EXU2_DROPS     STANDARD;      PRT;   477 AA.
    AC   Q24617;
    DT   01-NOV-1997 (Rel. 35, Created)
    DT   01-NOV-1997 (Rel. 35, Last sequence update)
    DT   01-NOV-1997 (Rel. 35, Last annotation update)
    DE   Maternal exuperantia 2 protein.
    GN   EXU2.
    OS   Drosophila pseudoobscura (Fruit fly).
    OC   Eukaryota; Metazoa; Arthropoda; Tracheata; Hexapoda; Insecta;
    OC   Pterygota; Neoptera; Endopterygota; Diptera; Brachycera; Muscomorpha;
    OC   Ephydroidea; Drosophilidae; Drosophila.
    OX   NCBI_TaxID=7237;
    RN   [1]
    RP   SEQUENCE FROM N.A.
    RX   MEDLINE=94350208; PubMed=8070663;
    RA   Luk S.K.-S., Kilpatrick M., Kerr K., Macdonald P.M.;
    RT   "Components acting in localization of bicoid mRNA are conserved among
    RT   Drosophila species.";
    RL   Genetics 137:521-530(1994).
    CC   -!- FUNCTION: ENSURES THE PROPER LOCALIZATION OF THE MRNA OF THE
    CC       BICOID GENE TO THE ANTERIOR REGIONS OF THE OOCYTE THUS PLAYING
    CC       A FUNDAMENTAL ROLE IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE POLARITY OF THE
    CC       OOCYTE. MAY BIND THE BCD MRNA (BY SIMILARITY).
    CC   --------------------------------------------------------------------------
    CC   This SWISS-PROT entry is copyright. It is produced through a collaboration
    CC   between  the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics  and the  EMBL outstation -
    CC   the European Bioinformatics Institute.  There are no  restrictions on  its
    CC   use  by  non-profit  institutions as long  as its content  is  in  no  way
    CC   modified and this statement is not removed.  Usage  by  and for commercial
    CC   entities requires a license agreement (See http://www.isb-sib.ch/announce/
    CC   or send an email to license@isb-sib.ch).
    CC   --------------------------------------------------------------------------
    DR   EMBL; L22553; AAA28523.1; -.
    DR   FlyBase; FBgn0014783; Dpse\exu2.
    KW   Developmental protein; RNA-binding.
    FT   DOMAIN      249    271       GLU/SER/PRO/THR-RICH (PEST REGION).
    SQ   SEQUENCE   477 AA;  53194 MW;  8B5334A77DB9467B CRC64;
         MVSAISEDSA SATASGQCEV VKEELPAGNY ILVAVEIDTT GRRLIDEIVQ LAGYTSKGNF
         QQYIMPYMNL NQAARQRHQI RVISIGFYRM LKSMQTYKII KSKSEVAALM DFLNWLETLL
         AKQPNKEGIV MLYHDDRKFI PYMILEALKK YSLIDRFNRS VKAFANTCPM AKTFLGKHGI
         KNCGLRKLSM LLAKSKDGNS TKEDEHENPE GNSSITDNSG HKNQKQGAFE GSANVRAKMV
         YEMALQLIES ESTESPESFE SPESSESSEA EVKLLNAVRP FSQLLSSTIL ELKDQNHSLG
         RQNSFRPVFL NYFRTTLNYR VRAVKYRIGL AEHGFTLKSL KAIWSDKRKP GLELVLTAID
         SLKTEETAEL LDLLDSYYDP SKTTIKPRCK RSGNGTRRRN RAKGAASSKN GAIGAGGDNS
         VPDSATKPGG RPRRKRNNIR NNILGPQNTE KGSPKAEMKT STPKSMSIKP PSEFADI
    //

## Output file format

pestfind outputs a graph to the specified graphics device.

The output from pestfind is a simple text one. It reports poor and potential PEST motifs together with their PEST score, mass percent of DEPST and their hydrophobicity index.

'Valid' PEST motifs below the threshold score (5.0) are considered as 'poor', while PEST scores above the threshold score are of real biological interest. The higher the PEST score, the more likely is degradation of proteins mediated via 'potential' PEST motifs in eukaryotic cells.

### Output files for usage example

### File: exu2_drops.pestfind

    PEST-find: Finds PEST motifs as potential proteolytic cleavage sites.

        14 PEST motifs were identified in EXU2_DROPS
           from positions 1 to 477 and sorted by score.

    Potential PEST motif with 34 amino acids between position 238 and 273.
       238 KMVYEMALQLIESESTESPESFESPESSESSEAEVK 273
           DEPST: 54.20 % (w/w)
           Hydrophobicity index: 38.12
           PEST score: 10.75

    Potential PEST motif with 14 amino acids between position 206 and 221.
       206 HENPEGNSSITDNSGH 221
           DEPST: 35.59 % (w/w)
           Hydrophobicity index: 26.81
           PEST score: 6.17

    Poor PEST motif with 18 amino acids between position 363 and 382.
       363 KTEETAELLDLLDSYYDPSK 382
           PEST score: 2.90

    Poor PEST motif with 17 amino acids between position 409 and 427.
       409 KNGAIGAGGDNSVPDSATK 427
           PEST score: -9.60

    Poor PEST motif with 19 amino acids between position 22 and 42.
        22 KEELPAGNYILVAVEIDTTGR 42
           PEST score: -10.92

    Poor PEST motif with 10 amino acids between position 440 and 451.
       440 RNNILGPQNTEK 451
           PEST score: -15.67

    Poor PEST motif with 13 amino acids between position 279 and 293.
       279 RPFSQLLSSTILELK 293
           PEST score: -16.51

    Poor PEST motif with 13 amino acids between position 349 and 363.
       349 KPGLELVLTAIDSLK 363
           PEST score: -19.67

    Invalid PEST motif with 20 amino acids between position 1 and 22.
         1 MVSAISEDSASATASGQCEVVK 22

    Invalid PEST motif with 13 amino acids between position 43 and 57.
        43 RLIDEIVQLAGYTSK 57

    Invalid PEST motif with 17 amino acids between position 57 and 75.
        57 KGNFQQYIMPYMNLNQAAR 75

    Invalid PEST motif with 18 amino acids between position 103 and 122.
       103 KSEVAALMDFLNWLETLLAK 122

    Invalid PEST motif with 10 amino acids between position 138 and 149.
       138 KFIPYMILEALK 149

    Invalid PEST motif with 10 amino acids between position 225 and 236.
       225 KQGAFEGSANVR 236

           ---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

         1 MVSAISEDSASATASGQCEVVKEELPAGNYILVAVEIDTTGRRLIDEIVQLAGYTSKGNF 60
            -------------------- OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO  ------------- ---

        61 QQYIMPYMNLNQAARQRHQIRVISIGFYRMLKSMQTYKIIKSKSEVAALMDFLNWLETLL 120
           --------------                             -----------------

       121 AKQPNKEGIVMLYHDDRKFIPYMILEALKKYSLIDRFNRSVKAFANTCPMAKTFLGKHGI 180
           -                 ----------

       181 KNCGLRKLSMLLAKSKDGNSTKEDEHENPEGNSSITDNSGHKNQKQGAFEGSANVRAKMV 240
                                     ++++++++++++++     ----------   ++

       241 YEMALQLIESESTESPESFESPESSESSEAEVKLLNAVRPFSQLLSSTILELKDQNHSLG 300
           ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++       OOOOOOOOOOOOO

       301 RQNSFRPVFLNYFRTTLNYRVRAVKYRIGLAEHGFTLKSLKAIWSDKRKPGLELVLTAID 360
                                                            OOOOOOOOOOO

       361 SLKTEETAELLDLLDSYYDPSKTTIKPRCKRSGNGTRRRNRAKGAASSKNGAIGAGGDNS 420
           OO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO                            OOOOOOOOOOO

       421 VPDSATKPGGRPRRKRNNIRNNILGPQNTEKGSPKAEMKTSTPKSMSIKPPSEFADI 477
           OOOOOO              OOOOOOOOOO

           Symbols   PEST motifs
           +++++++   potential
           OOOOOOO   poor
           -------   invalid

### Graphics File: pestfind.ps

## Data files

The physico-chemical properties of the residues are read from the EMBOSS data file 'Eamino.dat'. This file can be copied into your current directory and inspected or altered by using the application 'embossdata -fetch'. Another file can be specified using the qualifier '-aadata'.

EMBOSS data files are distributed with the application and stored in the standard EMBOSS data directory, which is defined by the EMBOSS environment variable EMBOSS_DATA.

To see the available EMBOSS data files, run:

    % embossdata -showall

To fetch one of the data files (for example 'Exxx.dat') into your current directory for you to inspect or modify, run:

    % embossdata -fetch -file Exxx.dat

Users can provide their own data files in their own directories. Project specific files can be put in the current directory, or for tidier directory listings in a subdirectory called ".embossdata". Files for all EMBOSS runs can be put in the user's home directory, or again in a subdirectory called ".embossdata".

The directories are searched in the following order:

- . (your current directory)
- .embossdata (under your current directory)
- ~/ (your home directory)
- ~/.embossdata

Here is the default Eamino.dat file:

    # Molecular weights of amino acids
    # Also classified as:
    #  Tiny, Small, Aliphatic, Aromatic, Non-polar, Polar, Charge, +ve, -ve
    #
    A        71.0786         1 1 0 0 1 0 0   0 0
    B       114.5960         0 1 0 0 0 0 -.5 0 1
    C       103.1386         1 1 0 0 1 0 0   0 0
    D       115.0884         0 1 0 0 0 1 -1  0 1
    E       129.1152         0 0 0 0 0 1 -1  0 1
    F       147.1762         0 0 0 1 1 0 0   0 0
    G        57.0518         1 1 0 0 1 0 0   0 0
    H       137.1408         0 0 0 1 0 1 .5  1 0
    I       113.1590         0 0 1 0 1 0 0   0 0
    J         0.0            0 0 0 0 0 0 0   0 0
    K       128.1736         0 0 0 0 0 1 1   1 0
    L       113.1590         0 0 1 0 1 0 0   0 0
    # If met gets oxidised to the sulphoxide replace by 147.1926
    M       131.1926         0 0 0 0 1 0 0   0 0
    N       114.1036         0 1 0 0 0 1 0   0 0
    O         0.0            0 0 0 0 0 0 0   0 0
    P        97.1164         0 1 0 0 1 0 0   0 0
    Q       128.1304         0 0 0 0 0 1 0   0 0
    R       156.1870         0 0 0 0 0 1 1   1 0
    S        87.0780         1 1 0 0 0 1 0   0 0
    T       101.1048         1 1 0 0 0 1 0   0 0
    U         0.0            0 0 0 0 0 0 0   0 0
    V        99.1322         0 1 1 0 1 0 0   0 0
    W       186.2128         0 0 0 1 1 0 0   0 0
    X       144.0000         0 0 0 0 0 0 0   0 0
    Y       163.1756         0 0 0 1 1 0 0   0 0
    Z       128.6228         0 0 0 0 0 1 -.5 0 1

## Notes

None.

## References

1. Rogers S.W., Wells R., Rechsteiner M. Amino acid sequences common to rapidly degraded proteins: The PEST hypothesis Science 234, 364-368 (1986)
2. Rechsteiner M., Rogers S., Rote K. Protein structure and intracellular stability Trends Biochem. Sci. 12, 390-394 (1987)
3. Rechsteiner M. and Rogers S.W. PEST sequences and regulation by proteolysis Trends Biochem. Sci. 21, 267-271 (1996)
4. J. Kyte and R.F. Dootlittle A simple method for displaying the hydropathic character of a protein J. Mol. Biol. 157, 105 (1982)

## Warnings

None.

## Diagnostic Error Messages

None.

## Exit status

It always exits with status 0.

## Known bugs

None.

## See also

Program name | Description
--- | ---
antigenic | Finds antigenic sites in proteins
digest | Protein proteolytic enzyme or reagent cleavage digest
fuzzpro | Protein pattern search
fuzztran | Protein pattern search after translation
helixturnhelix | Report nucleic acid binding motifs
oddcomp | Finds protein sequence regions with a biased composition
patmatdb | Search a protein sequence with a motif
patmatmotifs | Search a PROSITE motif database with a protein sequence
pepcoil | Predicts coiled coil regions
preg | Regular expression search of a protein sequence
pscan | Scans proteins using PRINTS
sigcleave | Reports protein signal cleavage sites

## Author(s)

Michael K. Schuster and Martin Grabner (martin.grabner © univie.ac.at)
from the Austrian National EMBnet node.

Original program 'pestfind' by Scott Rogers and Martin Rechsteiner (C)1986.

## History

This is based on the algorithm used in the QuickBasic program by Rodgers et al.

Written (March 2002).

## Target users

This program is intended to be used by everyone and everything, from naive users to embedded scripts.