class CSV - RDoc Documentation

# class CSV

## CSV¶ ↑

CSV (comma-separated variables) data is a text representation of a table:

- A row separator delimits table rows. A common row separator is the newline character `"\n"`.

- A column separator delimits fields in a row. A common column separator is the comma character `","`.

This CSV String, with row separator `"\n"` and column separator `","`, has three rows and two columns:

    "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"

Despite the name CSV, a CSV representation can use different separators.

For more about tables, see the Wikipedia article “Table (information)”, especially its section “Simple table”

## Class CSV¶ ↑

`Class` CSV provides methods for:

- Parsing CSV data from a String object, a File (via its file path), or an IO object.

- Generating CSV data to a String object.

To make CSV available:

    require 'csv'

All examples here assume that this has been done.

## Keeping It Simple¶ ↑

A CSV object has dozens of instance methods that offer fine-grained control of parsing and generating CSV data. For many needs, though, simpler approaches will do.

This section summarizes the singleton methods in CSV that allow you to parse and generate without explicitly creating CSV objects. For details, follow the links.

### Simple Parsing¶ ↑

Parsing methods commonly return either of:

- An Array of Arrays of Strings:

  - The outer Array is the entire “table”.

  - Each inner Array is a row.

  - Each String is a field.

- A `CSV::Table` object. For details, see CSV with Headers.

#### Parsing a String¶ ↑

The input to be parsed can be a string:

    string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"

Method `CSV.parse` returns the entire CSV data:

    CSV.parse(string) # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

Method `CSV.parse_line` returns only the first row:

    CSV.parse_line(string) # => ["foo", "0"]

CSV extends class String with instance method String#parse_csv, which also returns only the first row:

    string.parse_csv # => ["foo", "0"]

#### Parsing Via a File Path¶ ↑

The input to be parsed can be in a file:

    string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
    path = 't.csv'
    File.write(path, string)

Method `CSV.read` returns the entire CSV data:

    CSV.read(path) # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

Method `CSV.foreach` iterates, passing each row to the given block:

    CSV.foreach(path) do |row|
      p row
    end

Output:

    ["foo", "0"]
    ["bar", "1"]
    ["baz", "2"]

Method `CSV.table` returns the entire CSV data as a `CSV::Table` object:

    CSV.table(path) # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:3>

#### Parsing from an Open IO Stream¶ ↑

The input to be parsed can be in an open IO stream:

Method `CSV.read` returns the entire CSV data:

    File.open(path) do |file|
      CSV.read(file)
    end # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

As does method `CSV.parse`:

    File.open(path) do |file|
      CSV.parse(file)
    end # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

Method `CSV.parse_line` returns only the first row:

    File.open(path) do |file|
     CSV.parse_line(file)
    end # => ["foo", "0"]

Method `CSV.foreach` iterates, passing each row to the given block:

    File.open(path) do |file|
      CSV.foreach(file) do |row|
        p row
      end
    end

Output:

    ["foo", "0"]
    ["bar", "1"]
    ["baz", "2"]

Method `CSV.table` returns the entire CSV data as a `CSV::Table` object:

    File.open(path) do |file|
      CSV.table(file)
    end # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:3>

### Simple Generating¶ ↑

Method `CSV.generate` returns a String; this example uses method `CSV#<<` to append the rows that are to be generated:

    output_string = CSV.generate do |csv|
      csv << ['foo', 0]
      csv << ['bar', 1]
      csv << ['baz', 2]
    end
    output_string # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"

Method `CSV.generate_line` returns a String containing the single row constructed from an Array:

    CSV.generate_line(['foo', '0']) # => "foo,0\n"

CSV extends class Array with instance method `Array#to_csv`, which forms an Array into a String:

    ['foo', '0'].to_csv # => "foo,0\n"

### “Filtering” CSV¶ ↑

Method `CSV.filter` provides a Unix-style filter for CSV data. The input data is processed to form the output data:

    in_string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
    out_string = ''
    CSV.filter(in_string, out_string) do |row|
      row[0] = row[0].upcase
      row[1] *= 4
    end
    out_string # => "FOO,0000\nBAR,1111\nBAZ,2222\n"

## CSV Objects¶ ↑

There are three ways to create a CSV object:

- Method `CSV.new` returns a new CSV object.

- Method `CSV.instance` returns a new or cached CSV object.

- Method CSV() also returns a new or cached CSV object.

### Instance Methods¶ ↑

CSV has three groups of instance methods:

- Its own internally defined instance methods.

- Methods included by module `Enumerable`.

- Methods delegated to class `IO`. See below.

#### Delegated Methods¶ ↑

For convenience, a `CSV` object will delegate to many methods in class `IO`. (A few have wrapper “guard code” in CSV.) You may call:

- `IO#binmode`

- `binmode?`

- `IO#close`

- `IO#close_read`

- `IO#close_write`

- `IO#closed?`

- `eof`

- `eof?`

- `IO#external_encoding`

- `IO#fcntl`

- `IO#fileno`

- `flock`

- `IO#flush`

- `IO#fsync`

- `IO#internal_encoding`

- `ioctl`

- `IO#isatty`

- `path`

- `IO#pid`

- `IO#pos`

- `IO#pos=`

- `IO#reopen`

- `rewind`

- `IO#seek`

- `stat`

- IO#string

- `IO#sync`

- `IO#sync=`

- `IO#tell`

- `to_i`

- `to_io`

- IO#truncate

- `IO#tty?`

### Options¶ ↑

The default values for options are:

    DEFAULT_OPTIONS = {
      # For both parsing and generating.
      col_sep:            ",",
      row_sep:            :auto,
      quote_char:         '"',
      # For parsing.
      field_size_limit:   nil,
      converters:         nil,
      unconverted_fields: nil,
      headers:            false,
      return_headers:     false,
      header_converters:  nil,
      skip_blanks:        false,
      skip_lines:         nil,
      liberal_parsing:    false,
      nil_value:          nil,
      empty_value:        "",
      # For generating.
      write_headers:      nil,
      quote_empty:        true,
      force_quotes:       false,
      write_converters:   nil,
      write_nil_value:    nil,
      write_empty_value:  "",
      strip:              false,
    }

#### Options for Parsing¶ ↑

Options for parsing, described in detail below, include:

- `row_sep`: Specifies the row separator; used to delimit rows.

- `col_sep`: Specifies the column separator; used to delimit fields.

- `quote_char`: Specifies the quote character; used to quote fields.

- `field_size_limit`: Specifies the maximum field size allowed.

- `converters`: Specifies the field converters to be used.

- `unconverted_fields`: Specifies whether unconverted fields are to be available.

- `headers`: Specifies whether data contains headers, or specifies the headers themselves.

- `return_headers`: Specifies whether headers are to be returned.

- `header_converters`: Specifies the header converters to be used.

- `skip_blanks`: Specifies whether blanks lines are to be ignored.

- `skip_lines`: Specifies how comments lines are to be recognized.

- `strip`: Specifies whether leading and trailing whitespace are to be stripped from fields..

- `liberal_parsing`: Specifies whether CSV should attempt to parse non-compliant data.

- `nil_value`: Specifies the object that is to be substituted for each null (no-text) field.

- `empty_value`: Specifies the object that is to be substituted for each empty field.

###### Option `row_sep`¶ ↑

Specifies the row separator, a String or the Symbol `:auto` (see below), to be used for both parsing and generating.

Default value:

    CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:row_sep) # => :auto

When `row_sep` is a String, that String becomes the row separator. The `String` will be transcoded into the data's `Encoding` before use.

Using `"\n"`:

    row_sep = "\n"
    str = CSV.generate(row_sep: row_sep) do |csv|
      csv << [:foo, 0]
      csv << [:bar, 1]
      csv << [:baz, 2]
    end
    str # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
    ary = CSV.parse(str)
    ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

Using `|` (pipe):

    row_sep = '|'
    str = CSV.generate(row_sep: row_sep) do |csv|
      csv << [:foo, 0]
      csv << [:bar, 1]
      csv << [:baz, 2]
    end
    str # => "foo,0|bar,1|baz,2|"
    ary = CSV.parse(str, row_sep: row_sep)
    ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

Using `--` (two hyphens):

    row_sep = '--'
    str = CSV.generate(row_sep: row_sep) do |csv|
      csv << [:foo, 0]
      csv << [:bar, 1]
      csv << [:baz, 2]
    end
    str # => "foo,0--bar,1--baz,2--"
    ary = CSV.parse(str, row_sep: row_sep)
    ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

Using `''` (empty string):

    row_sep = ''
    str = CSV.generate(row_sep: row_sep) do |csv|
      csv << [:foo, 0]
      csv << [:bar, 1]
      csv << [:baz, 2]
    end
    str # => "foo,0bar,1baz,2"
    ary = CSV.parse(str, row_sep: row_sep)
    ary # => [["foo", "0bar", "1baz", "2"]]

When `row_sep` is the Symbol `:auto` (the default), generating uses `"\n"` as the row separator:

    str = CSV.generate do |csv|
      csv << [:foo, 0]
      csv << [:bar, 1]
      csv << [:baz, 2]
    end
    str # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"

Parsing, on the other hand, invokes auto-discovery of the row separator.

Auto-discovery reads ahead in the data looking for the next `\r\n`, `\n`, or `\r` sequence. The sequence will be selected even if it occurs in a quoted field, assuming that you would have the same line endings there.

Example:

    str = CSV.generate do |csv|
      csv << [:foo, 0]
      csv << [:bar, 1]
      csv << [:baz, 2]
    end
    str # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
    ary = CSV.parse(str)
    ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

The default `$INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR` (`$/`) is used if any of the following is true:

- None of those sequences is found.

- Data is `ARGF`, `STDIN`, `STDOUT`, or `STDERR`.

- The stream is only available for output.

Obviously, discovery takes a little time. `Set` manually if speed is important. Also note that `IO` objects should be opened in binary mode on Windows if this feature will be used as the line-ending translation can cause problems with resetting the document position to where it was before the read ahead.

Raises an exception if the given value is not String-convertible:

    row_sep = BasicObject.new
    # Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `to_s' for #<BasicObject:>)
    CSV.generate(ary, row_sep: row_sep)
    # Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `to_s' for #<BasicObject:>)
    CSV.parse(str, row_sep: row_sep)

###### Option `col_sep`¶ ↑

Specifies the String field separator to be used for both parsing and generating. The String will be transcoded into the data's Encoding before use.

Default value:

    CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:col_sep) # => "," (comma)

Using the default (comma):

    str = CSV.generate do |csv|
      csv << [:foo, 0]
      csv << [:bar, 1]
      csv << [:baz, 2]
    end
    str # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
    ary = CSV.parse(str)
    ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

Using `:` (colon):

    col_sep = ':'
    str = CSV.generate(col_sep: col_sep) do |csv|
      csv << [:foo, 0]
      csv << [:bar, 1]
      csv << [:baz, 2]
    end
    str # => "foo:0\nbar:1\nbaz:2\n"
    ary = CSV.parse(str, col_sep: col_sep)
    ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

Using `::` (two colons):

    col_sep = '::'
    str = CSV.generate(col_sep: col_sep) do |csv|
      csv << [:foo, 0]
      csv << [:bar, 1]
      csv << [:baz, 2]
    end
    str # => "foo::0\nbar::1\nbaz::2\n"
    ary = CSV.parse(str, col_sep: col_sep)
    ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

Using `''` (empty string):

    col_sep = ''
    str = CSV.generate(col_sep: col_sep) do |csv|
      csv << [:foo, 0]
      csv << [:bar, 1]
      csv << [:baz, 2]
    end
    str # => "foo0\nbar1\nbaz2\n"

Raises an exception if parsing with the empty String:

    col_sep = ''
    # Raises ArgumentError (:col_sep must be 1 or more characters: "")
    CSV.parse("foo0\nbar1\nbaz2\n", col_sep: col_sep)

Raises an exception if the given value is not String-convertible:

    col_sep = BasicObject.new
    # Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `to_s' for #<BasicObject:>)
    CSV.generate(line, col_sep: col_sep)
    # Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `to_s' for #<BasicObject:>)
    CSV.parse(str, col_sep: col_sep)

###### Option `quote_char`¶ ↑

Specifies the character (String of length 1) used used to quote fields in both parsing and generating. This `String` will be transcoded into the data's Encoding before use.

Default value:

    CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:quote_char) # => "\"" (double quote)

This is useful for an application that incorrectly uses `'` (single-quote) to quote fields, instead of the correct `"` (double-quote).

Using the default (double quote):

    str = CSV.generate do |csv|
      csv << ['foo', 0]
      csv << ["'bar'", 1]
      csv << ['"baz"', 2]
    end
    str # => "foo,0\n'bar',1\n\"\"\"baz\"\"\",2\n"
    ary = CSV.parse(str)
    ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["'bar'", "1"], ["\"baz\"", "2"]]

Using `'` (single-quote):

    quote_char = "'"
    str = CSV.generate(quote_char: quote_char) do |csv|
      csv << ['foo', 0]
      csv << ["'bar'", 1]
      csv << ['"baz"', 2]
    end
    str # => "foo,0\n'''bar''',1\n\"baz\",2\n"
    ary = CSV.parse(str, quote_char: quote_char)
    ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["'bar'", "1"], ["\"baz\"", "2"]]

Raises an exception if the String length is greater than 1:

    # Raises ArgumentError (:quote_char has to be nil or a single character String)
    CSV.new('', quote_char: 'xx')

Raises an exception if the value is not a String:

    # Raises ArgumentError (:quote_char has to be nil or a single character String)
    CSV.new('', quote_char: :foo)

###### Option `field_size_limit`¶ ↑

Specifies the Integer field size limit.

Default value:

    CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:field_size_limit) # => nil

This is a maximum size `CSV` will read ahead looking for the closing quote for a field. (In truth, it reads to the first line ending beyond this size.) If a quote cannot be found within the limit `CSV` will raise a `MalformedCSVError`, assuming the data is faulty. You can use this limit to prevent what are effectively DoS attacks on the parser. However, this limit can cause a legitimate parse to fail; therefore the default value is `nil` (no limit).

For the examples in this section:

    str = <<~EOT
      "a","b"
      "
      2345
      ",""
    EOT
    str # => "\"a\",\"b\"\n\"\n2345\n\",\"\"\n"

Using the default `nil`:

    ary = CSV.parse(str)
    ary # => [["a", "b"], ["\n2345\n", ""]]

Using `50`:

    field_size_limit = 50
    ary = CSV.parse(str, field_size_limit: field_size_limit)
    ary # => [["a", "b"], ["\n2345\n", ""]]

Raises an exception if a field is too long:

    big_str = "123456789\n" * 1024
    # Raises CSV::MalformedCSVError (Field size exceeded in line 1.)
    CSV.parse('valid,fields,"' + big_str + '"', field_size_limit: 2048)

###### Option `converters`¶ ↑

Specifies converters to be used in parsing fields. See Field Converters

Default value:

    CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:converters) # => nil

The value may be a field converter name (see Stored Converters):

    str = '1,2,3'
    # Without a converter
    array = CSV.parse_line(str)
    array # => ["1", "2", "3"]
    # With built-in converter :integer
    array = CSV.parse_line(str, converters: :integer)
    array # => [1, 2, 3]

The value may be a converter list (see Converter Lists):

    str = '1,3.14159'
    # Without converters
    array = CSV.parse_line(str)
    array # => ["1", "3.14159"]
    # With built-in converters
    array = CSV.parse_line(str, converters: [:integer, :float])
    array # => [1, 3.14159]

The value may be a Proc custom converter: (see Custom Field Converters):

    str = ' foo  ,  bar  ,  baz  '
    # Without a converter
    array = CSV.parse_line(str)
    array # => [" foo  ", "  bar  ", "  baz  "]
    # With a custom converter
    array = CSV.parse_line(str, converters: proc {|field| field.strip })
    array # => ["foo", "bar", "baz"]

See also Custom Field Converters

Raises an exception if the converter is not a converter name or a Proc:

    str = 'foo,0'
    # Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `arity' for nil:NilClass)
    CSV.parse(str, converters: :foo)

###### Option `unconverted_fields`¶ ↑

Specifies the boolean that determines whether unconverted field values are to be available.

Default value:

    CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:unconverted_fields) # => nil

The unconverted field values are those found in the source data, prior to any conversions performed via option `converters`.

When option `unconverted_fields` is `true`, each returned row (Array or CSV::Row) has an added method, `unconverted_fields`, that returns the unconverted field values:

    str = <<-EOT
    foo,0
    bar,1
    baz,2
    EOT
    # Without unconverted_fields
    csv = CSV.parse(str, converters: :integer)
    csv # => [["foo", 0], ["bar", 1], ["baz", 2]]
    csv.first.respond_to?(:unconverted_fields) # => false
    # With unconverted_fields
    csv = CSV.parse(str, converters: :integer, unconverted_fields: true)
    csv # => [["foo", 0], ["bar", 1], ["baz", 2]]
    csv.first.respond_to?(:unconverted_fields) # => true
    csv.first.unconverted_fields # => ["foo", "0"]

###### Option `headers`¶ ↑

Specifies a boolean, Symbol, Array, or String to be used to define column headers.

Default value:

    CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:headers) # => false

Without `headers`:

    str = <<-EOT
    Name,Count
    foo,0
    bar,1
    bax,2
    EOT
    csv = CSV.new(str)
    csv # => #<CSV io_type:StringIO encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"">
    csv.headers # => nil
    csv.shift # => ["Name", "Count"]

If set to `true` or the Symbol `:first_row`, the first row of the data is treated as a row of headers:

    str = <<-EOT
    Name,Count
    foo,0
    bar,1
    bax,2
    EOT
    csv = CSV.new(str, headers: true)
    csv # => #<CSV io_type:StringIO encoding:UTF-8 lineno:2 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"" headers:["Name", "Count"]>
    csv.headers # => ["Name", "Count"]
    csv.shift # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Count":"1">

If set to an Array, the Array elements are treated as headers:

    str = <<-EOT
    foo,0
    bar,1
    bax,2
    EOT
    csv = CSV.new(str, headers: ['Name', 'Count'])
    csv
    csv.headers # => ["Name", "Count"]
    csv.shift # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Count":"1">

If set to a String `str`, method `CSV::parse_line(str, options)` is called with the current `options`, and the returned Array is treated as headers:

    str = <<-EOT
    foo,0
    bar,1
    bax,2
    EOT
    csv = CSV.new(str, headers: 'Name,Count')
    csv
    csv.headers # => ["Name", "Count"]
    csv.shift # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Count":"1">

###### Option `return_headers`¶ ↑

Specifies the boolean that determines whether method `shift` returns or ignores the header row.

Default value:

    CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:return_headers) # => false

Examples:

    str = <<-EOT
    Name,Count
    foo,0
    bar,1
    bax,2
    EOT
    # Without return_headers first row is str.
    csv = CSV.new(str, headers: true)
    csv.shift # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Count":"0">
    # With return_headers first row is headers.
    csv = CSV.new(str, headers: true, return_headers: true)
    csv.shift # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"Name" "Count":"Count">

###### Option `header_converters`¶ ↑

Specifies converters to be used in parsing headers. See Header Converters

Default value:

    CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:header_converters) # => nil

Identical in functionality to option converters except that:

- The converters apply only to the header row.

- The built-in header converters are `:downcase` and `:symbol`.

This section assumes prior execution of:

    str = <<-EOT
    Name,Value
    foo,0
    bar,1
    baz,2
    EOT
    # With no header converter
    table = CSV.parse(str, headers: true)
    table.headers # => ["Name", "Value"]

The value may be a header converter name (see Stored Converters):

    table = CSV.parse(str, headers: true, header_converters: :downcase)
    table.headers # => ["name", "value"]

The value may be a converter list (see Converter Lists):

    header_converters = [:downcase, :symbol]
    table = CSV.parse(str, headers: true, header_converters: header_converters)
    table.headers # => [:name, :value]

The value may be a Proc custom converter (see Custom Header Converters):

    upcase_converter = proc {|field| field.upcase }
    table = CSV.parse(str, headers: true, header_converters: upcase_converter)
    table.headers # => ["NAME", "VALUE"]

See also Custom Header Converters

###### Option `skip_blanks`¶ ↑

Specifies a boolean that determines whether blank lines in the input will be ignored; a line that contains a column separator is not considered to be blank.

Default value:

    CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:skip_blanks) # => false

See also option skiplines.

For examples in this section:

    str = <<-EOT
    foo,0

    bar,1
    baz,2

    ,
    EOT

Using the default, `false`:

    ary = CSV.parse(str)
    ary # => [["foo", "0"], [], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"], [], [nil, nil]]

Using `true`:

    ary = CSV.parse(str, skip_blanks: true)
    ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"], [nil, nil]]

Using a truthy value:

    ary = CSV.parse(str, skip_blanks: :foo)
    ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"], [nil, nil]]

###### Option `skip_lines`¶ ↑

Specifies an object to use in identifying comment lines in the input that are to be ignored:

- If a Regexp, ignores lines that match it.

- If a String, converts it to a Regexp, ignores lines that match it.

- If `nil`, no lines are considered to be comments.

Default value:

    CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:skip_lines) # => nil

For examples in this section:

    str = <<-EOT
    # Comment
    foo,0
    bar,1
    baz,2
    # Another comment
    EOT
    str # => "# Comment\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n# Another comment\n"

Using the default, `nil`:

    ary = CSV.parse(str)
    ary # => [["# Comment"], ["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"], ["# Another comment"]]

Using a Regexp:

    ary = CSV.parse(str, skip_lines: /^#/)
    ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

Using a String:

    ary = CSV.parse(str, skip_lines: '#')
    ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

Raises an exception if given an object that is not a Regexp, a String, or `nil`:

    # Raises ArgumentError (:skip_lines has to respond to #match: 0)
    CSV.parse(str, skip_lines: 0)

###### Option `strip`¶ ↑

Specifies the boolean value that determines whether whitespace is stripped from each input field.

Default value:

    CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:strip) # => false

With default value `false`:

    ary = CSV.parse_line(' a , b ')
    ary # => [" a ", " b "]

With value `true`:

    ary = CSV.parse_line(' a , b ', strip: true)
    ary # => ["a", "b"]

###### Option `liberal_parsing`¶ ↑

Specifies the boolean value that determines whether `CSV` will attempt to parse input not conformant with RFC 4180, such as double quotes in unquoted fields.

Default value:

    CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:liberal_parsing) # => false

For examples in this section:

    str = 'is,this "three, or four",fields'

Without `liberal_parsing`:

    # Raises CSV::MalformedCSVError (Illegal quoting in str 1.)
    CSV.parse_line(str)

With `liberal_parsing`:

    ary = CSV.parse_line(str, liberal_parsing: true)
    ary # => ["is", "this \"three", " or four\"", "fields"]

###### Option `nil_value`¶ ↑

Specifies the object that is to be substituted for each null (no-text) field.

Default value:

    CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:nil_value) # => nil

With the default, `nil`:

    CSV.parse_line('a,,b,,c') # => ["a", nil, "b", nil, "c"]

With a different object:

    CSV.parse_line('a,,b,,c', nil_value: 0) # => ["a", 0, "b", 0, "c"]

###### Option `empty_value`¶ ↑

Specifies the object that is to be substituted for each field that has an empty String.

Default value:

    CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:empty_value) # => "" (empty string)

With the default, `""`:

    CSV.parse_line('a,"",b,"",c') # => ["a", "", "b", "", "c"]

With a different object:

    CSV.parse_line('a,"",b,"",c', empty_value: 'x') # => ["a", "x", "b", "x", "c"]

#### Options for Generating¶ ↑

Options for generating, described in detail below, include:

- `row_sep`: Specifies the row separator; used to delimit rows.

- `col_sep`: Specifies the column separator; used to delimit fields.

- `quote_char`: Specifies the quote character; used to quote fields.

- `write_headers`: Specifies whether headers are to be written.

- `force_quotes`: Specifies whether each output field is to be quoted.

- `quote_empty`: Specifies whether each empty output field is to be quoted.

- `write_converters`: Specifies the field converters to be used in writing.

- `write_nil_value`: Specifies the object that is to be substituted for each `nil`-valued field.

- `write_empty_value`: Specifies the object that is to be substituted for each empty field.

###### Option `row_sep`¶ ↑

Specifies the row separator, a String or the Symbol `:auto` (see below), to be used for both parsing and generating.

Default value:

    CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:row_sep) # => :auto

When `row_sep` is a String, that String becomes the row separator. The `String` will be transcoded into the data's `Encoding` before use.

Using `"\n"`:

    row_sep = "\n"
    str = CSV.generate(row_sep: row_sep) do |csv|
      csv << [:foo, 0]
      csv << [:bar, 1]
      csv << [:baz, 2]
    end
    str # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
    ary = CSV.parse(str)
    ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

Using `|` (pipe):

    row_sep = '|'
    str = CSV.generate(row_sep: row_sep) do |csv|
      csv << [:foo, 0]
      csv << [:bar, 1]
      csv << [:baz, 2]
    end
    str # => "foo,0|bar,1|baz,2|"
    ary = CSV.parse(str, row_sep: row_sep)
    ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

Using `--` (two hyphens):

    row_sep = '--'
    str = CSV.generate(row_sep: row_sep) do |csv|
      csv << [:foo, 0]
      csv << [:bar, 1]
      csv << [:baz, 2]
    end
    str # => "foo,0--bar,1--baz,2--"
    ary = CSV.parse(str, row_sep: row_sep)
    ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

Using `''` (empty string):

    row_sep = ''
    str = CSV.generate(row_sep: row_sep) do |csv|
      csv << [:foo, 0]
      csv << [:bar, 1]
      csv << [:baz, 2]
    end
    str # => "foo,0bar,1baz,2"
    ary = CSV.parse(str, row_sep: row_sep)
    ary # => [["foo", "0bar", "1baz", "2"]]

When `row_sep` is the Symbol `:auto` (the default), generating uses `"\n"` as the row separator:

    str = CSV.generate do |csv|
      csv << [:foo, 0]
      csv << [:bar, 1]
      csv << [:baz, 2]
    end
    str # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"

Parsing, on the other hand, invokes auto-discovery of the row separator.

Auto-discovery reads ahead in the data looking for the next `\r\n`, `\n`, or `\r` sequence. The sequence will be selected even if it occurs in a quoted field, assuming that you would have the same line endings there.

Example:

    str = CSV.generate do |csv|
      csv << [:foo, 0]
      csv << [:bar, 1]
      csv << [:baz, 2]
    end
    str # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
    ary = CSV.parse(str)
    ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

The default `$INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR` (`$/`) is used if any of the following is true:

- None of those sequences is found.

- Data is `ARGF`, `STDIN`, `STDOUT`, or `STDERR`.

- The stream is only available for output.

Obviously, discovery takes a little time. `Set` manually if speed is important. Also note that `IO` objects should be opened in binary mode on Windows if this feature will be used as the line-ending translation can cause problems with resetting the document position to where it was before the read ahead.

Raises an exception if the given value is not String-convertible:

    row_sep = BasicObject.new
    # Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `to_s' for #<BasicObject:>)
    CSV.generate(ary, row_sep: row_sep)
    # Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `to_s' for #<BasicObject:>)
    CSV.parse(str, row_sep: row_sep)

###### Option `col_sep`¶ ↑

Specifies the String field separator to be used for both parsing and generating. The String will be transcoded into the data's Encoding before use.

Default value:

    CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:col_sep) # => "," (comma)

Using the default (comma):

    str = CSV.generate do |csv|
      csv << [:foo, 0]
      csv << [:bar, 1]
      csv << [:baz, 2]
    end
    str # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
    ary = CSV.parse(str)
    ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

Using `:` (colon):

    col_sep = ':'
    str = CSV.generate(col_sep: col_sep) do |csv|
      csv << [:foo, 0]
      csv << [:bar, 1]
      csv << [:baz, 2]
    end
    str # => "foo:0\nbar:1\nbaz:2\n"
    ary = CSV.parse(str, col_sep: col_sep)
    ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

Using `::` (two colons):

    col_sep = '::'
    str = CSV.generate(col_sep: col_sep) do |csv|
      csv << [:foo, 0]
      csv << [:bar, 1]
      csv << [:baz, 2]
    end
    str # => "foo::0\nbar::1\nbaz::2\n"
    ary = CSV.parse(str, col_sep: col_sep)
    ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

Using `''` (empty string):

    col_sep = ''
    str = CSV.generate(col_sep: col_sep) do |csv|
      csv << [:foo, 0]
      csv << [:bar, 1]
      csv << [:baz, 2]
    end
    str # => "foo0\nbar1\nbaz2\n"

Raises an exception if parsing with the empty String:

    col_sep = ''
    # Raises ArgumentError (:col_sep must be 1 or more characters: "")
    CSV.parse("foo0\nbar1\nbaz2\n", col_sep: col_sep)

Raises an exception if the given value is not String-convertible:

    col_sep = BasicObject.new
    # Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `to_s' for #<BasicObject:>)
    CSV.generate(line, col_sep: col_sep)
    # Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `to_s' for #<BasicObject:>)
    CSV.parse(str, col_sep: col_sep)

###### Option `quote_char`¶ ↑

Specifies the character (String of length 1) used used to quote fields in both parsing and generating. This `String` will be transcoded into the data's Encoding before use.

Default value:

    CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:quote_char) # => "\"" (double quote)

This is useful for an application that incorrectly uses `'` (single-quote) to quote fields, instead of the correct `"` (double-quote).

Using the default (double quote):

    str = CSV.generate do |csv|
      csv << ['foo', 0]
      csv << ["'bar'", 1]
      csv << ['"baz"', 2]
    end
    str # => "foo,0\n'bar',1\n\"\"\"baz\"\"\",2\n"
    ary = CSV.parse(str)
    ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["'bar'", "1"], ["\"baz\"", "2"]]

Using `'` (single-quote):

    quote_char = "'"
    str = CSV.generate(quote_char: quote_char) do |csv|
      csv << ['foo', 0]
      csv << ["'bar'", 1]
      csv << ['"baz"', 2]
    end
    str # => "foo,0\n'''bar''',1\n\"baz\",2\n"
    ary = CSV.parse(str, quote_char: quote_char)
    ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["'bar'", "1"], ["\"baz\"", "2"]]

Raises an exception if the String length is greater than 1:

    # Raises ArgumentError (:quote_char has to be nil or a single character String)
    CSV.new('', quote_char: 'xx')

Raises an exception if the value is not a String:

    # Raises ArgumentError (:quote_char has to be nil or a single character String)
    CSV.new('', quote_char: :foo)

###### Option `write_headers`¶ ↑

Specifies the boolean that determines whether a header row is included in the output; ignored if there are no headers.

Default value:

    CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:write_headers) # => nil

Without `write_headers`:

    file_path = 't.csv'
    CSV.open(file_path,'w',
        :headers => ['Name','Value']
      ) do |csv|
        csv << ['foo', '0']
    end
    CSV.open(file_path) do |csv|
      csv.shift
    end # => ["foo", "0"]

With `write_headers`“:

    CSV.open(file_path,'w',
        :write_headers=> true,
        :headers => ['Name','Value']
      ) do |csv|
        csv << ['foo', '0']
    end
    CSV.open(file_path) do |csv|
      csv.shift
    end # => ["Name", "Value"]

###### Option `force_quotes`¶ ↑

Specifies the boolean that determines whether each output field is to be double-quoted.

Default value:

    CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:force_quotes) # => false

For examples in this section:

    ary = ['foo', 0, nil]

Using the default, `false`:

    str = CSV.generate_line(ary)
    str # => "foo,0,\n"

Using `true`:

    str = CSV.generate_line(ary, force_quotes: true)
    str # => "\"foo\",\"0\",\"\"\n"

###### Option `quote_empty`¶ ↑

Specifies the boolean that determines whether an empty value is to be double-quoted.

Default value:

    CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:quote_empty) # => true

With the default `true`:

    CSV.generate_line(['"', ""]) # => "\"\"\"\",\"\"\n"

With `false`:

    CSV.generate_line(['"', ""], quote_empty: false) # => "\"\"\"\",\n"

###### Option `write_converters`¶ ↑

Specifies converters to be used in generating fields. See Write Converters

Default value:

    CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:write_converters) # => nil

With no write converter:

    str = CSV.generate_line(["\na\n", "\tb\t", " c "])
    str # => "\"\na\n\",\tb\t, c \n"

With a write converter:

    strip_converter = proc {|field| field.strip }
    str = CSV.generate_line(["\na\n", "\tb\t", " c "], write_converters: strip_converter)
    str # => "a,b,c\n"

With two write converters (called in order):

    upcase_converter = proc {|field| field.upcase }
    downcase_converter = proc {|field| field.downcase }
    write_converters = [upcase_converter, downcase_converter]
    str = CSV.generate_line(['a', 'b', 'c'], write_converters: write_converters)
    str # => "a,b,c\n"

See also Write Converters

Raises an exception if the converter returns a value that is neither `nil` nor String-convertible:

    bad_converter = proc {|field| BasicObject.new }
    # Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `is_a?' for #<BasicObject:>)
    CSV.generate_line(['a', 'b', 'c'], write_converters: bad_converter)#

###### Option `write_nil_value`¶ ↑

Specifies the object that is to be substituted for each `nil`-valued field.

Default value:

    CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:write_nil_value) # => nil

Without the option:

    str = CSV.generate_line(['a', nil, 'c', nil])
    str # => "a,,c,\n"

With the option:

    str = CSV.generate_line(['a', nil, 'c', nil], write_nil_value: "x")
    str # => "a,x,c,x\n"

###### Option `write_empty_value`¶ ↑

Specifies the object that is to be substituted for each field that has an empty String.

Default value:

    CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:write_empty_value) # => ""

Without the option:

    str = CSV.generate_line(['a', '', 'c', ''])
    str # => "a,\"\",c,\"\"\n"

With the option:

    str = CSV.generate_line(['a', '', 'c', ''], write_empty_value: "x")
    str # => "a,x,c,x\n"

### CSV with Headers¶ ↑

`CSV` allows to specify column names of `CSV` file, whether they are in data, or provided separately. If headers are specified, reading methods return an instance of `CSV::Table`, consisting of `CSV::Row`.

    # Headers are part of data
    data = CSV.parse(<<~ROWS, headers: true)
      Name,Department,Salary
      Bob,Engineering,1000
      Jane,Sales,2000
      John,Management,5000
    ROWS

    data.class      #=> CSV::Table
    data.first      #=> #<CSV::Row "Name":"Bob" "Department":"Engineering" "Salary":"1000">
    data.first.to_h #=> {"Name"=>"Bob", "Department"=>"Engineering", "Salary"=>"1000"}

    # Headers provided by developer
    data = CSV.parse('Bob,Engineering,1000', headers: %i[name department salary])
    data.first      #=> #<CSV::Row name:"Bob" department:"Engineering" salary:"1000">

### Converters¶ ↑

By default, each value (field or header) parsed by CSV is formed into a String. You can use a field converter or header converter to intercept and modify the parsed values:

- See Field Converters.

- See Header Converters.

Also by default, each value to be written during generation is written 'as-is'. You can use a write converter to modify values before writing.

- See Write Converters.

#### Specifying Converters¶ ↑

You can specify converters for parsing or generating in the `options` argument to various CSV methods:

- Option `converters` for converting parsed field values.

- Option `header_converters` for converting parsed header values.

- Option `write_converters` for converting values to be written (generated).

There are three forms for specifying converters:

- A converter proc: executable code to be used for conversion.

- A converter name: the name of a stored converter.

- A converter list: an array of converter procs, converter names, and converter lists.

##### Converter Procs¶ ↑

This converter proc, `strip_converter`, accepts a value `field` and returns `field.strip`:

    strip_converter = proc {|field| field.strip }

In this call to `CSV.parse`, the keyword argument `converters: string_converter` specifies that:

- Proc `string_converter` is to be called for each parsed field.

- The converter's return value is to replace the `field` value.

Example:

    string = " foo , 0 \n bar , 1 \n baz , 2 \n"
    array = CSV.parse(string, converters: strip_converter)
    array # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

A converter proc can receive a second argument, `field_info`, that contains details about the field. This modified `strip_converter` displays its arguments:

    strip_converter = proc do |field, field_info|
      p [field, field_info]
      field.strip
    end
    string = " foo , 0 \n bar , 1 \n baz , 2 \n"
    array = CSV.parse(string, converters: strip_converter)
    array # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

Output:

    [" foo ", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=0, line=1, header=nil>]
    [" 0 ", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=1, line=1, header=nil>]
    [" bar ", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=0, line=2, header=nil>]
    [" 1 ", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=1, line=2, header=nil>]
    [" baz ", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=0, line=3, header=nil>]
    [" 2 ", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=1, line=3, header=nil>]

Each CSV::Info object shows:

- The 0-based field index.

- The 1-based line index.

- The field header, if any.

##### Stored Converters¶ ↑

A converter may be given a name and stored in a structure where the parsing methods can find it by name.

The storage structure for field converters is the Hash `CSV::Converters`. It has several built-in converter procs:

- `:integer`: converts each String-embedded integer into a true Integer.

- `:float`: converts each String-embedded float into a true Float.

- `:date`: converts each String-embedded date into a true Date.

- `:date_time`: converts each String-embedded date-time into a true DateTime

. This example creates a converter proc, then stores it:

    strip_converter = proc {|field| field.strip }
    CSV::Converters[:strip] = strip_converter

Then the parsing method call can refer to the converter by its name, `:strip`:

    string = " foo , 0 \n bar , 1 \n baz , 2 \n"
    array = CSV.parse(string, converters: :strip)
    array # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

The storage structure for header converters is the Hash `CSV::HeaderConverters`, which works in the same way. It also has built-in converter procs:

- `:downcase`: Downcases each header.

- `:symbol`: Converts each header to a Symbol.

There is no such storage structure for write headers.

##### Converter Lists¶ ↑

A converter list is an Array that may include any assortment of:

- Converter procs.

- Names of stored converters.

- Nested converter lists.

Examples:

    numeric_converters = [:integer, :float]
    date_converters = [:date, :date_time]
    [numeric_converters, strip_converter]
    [strip_converter, date_converters, :float]

Like a converter proc, a converter list may be named and stored in either CSV::Converters or CSV::HeaderConverters:

    CSV::Converters[:custom] = [strip_converter, date_converters, :float]
    CSV::HeaderConverters[:custom] = [:downcase, :symbol]

There are two built-in converter lists:

    CSV::Converters[:numeric] # => [:integer, :float]
    CSV::Converters[:all] # => [:date_time, :numeric]

#### Field Converters¶ ↑

With no conversion, all parsed fields in all rows become Strings:

    string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
    ary = CSV.parse(string)
    ary # => # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

When you specify a field converter, each parsed field is passed to the converter; its return value becomes the stored value for the field. A converter might, for example, convert an integer embedded in a String into a true Integer. (In fact, that's what built-in field converter `:integer` does.)

There are three ways to use field converters.

- Using option converters with a parsing method:

      ary = CSV.parse(string, converters: :integer)
      ary # => [0, 1, 2] # => [["foo", 0], ["bar", 1], ["baz", 2]]

- Using option converters with a new CSV instance:

      csv = CSV.new(string, converters: :integer)
      # Field converters in effect:
      csv.converters # => [:integer]
      csv.read # => [["foo", 0], ["bar", 1], ["baz", 2]]

- Using method `convert` to add a field converter to a CSV instance:

      csv = CSV.new(string)
      # Add a converter.
      csv.convert(:integer)
      csv.converters # => [:integer]
      csv.read # => [["foo", 0], ["bar", 1], ["baz", 2]]

Installing a field converter does not affect already-read rows:

    csv = CSV.new(string)
    csv.shift # => ["foo", "0"]
    # Add a converter.
    csv.convert(:integer)
    csv.converters # => [:integer]
    csv.read # => [["bar", 1], ["baz", 2]]

There are additional built-in converters, and custom converters are also supported.

##### Built-In Field Converters¶ ↑

The built-in field converters are in Hash CSV::Converters:

- Each key is a field converter name.

- Each value is one of:

  - A Proc field converter.

  - An Array of field converter names.

Display:

    CSV::Converters.each_pair do |name, value|
      if value.kind_of?(Proc)
        p [name, value.class]
      else
        p [name, value]
      end
    end

Output:

    [:integer, Proc]
    [:float, Proc]
    [:numeric, [:integer, :float]]
    [:date, Proc]
    [:date_time, Proc]
    [:all, [:date_time, :numeric]]

Each of these converters transcodes values to UTF-8 before attempting conversion. If a value cannot be transcoded to UTF-8 the conversion will fail and the value will remain unconverted.

Converter `:integer` converts each field that Integer() accepts:

    data = '0,1,2,x'
    # Without the converter
    csv = CSV.parse_line(data)
    csv # => ["0", "1", "2", "x"]
    # With the converter
    csv = CSV.parse_line(data, converters: :integer)
    csv # => [0, 1, 2, "x"]

Converter `:float` converts each field that Float() accepts:

    data = '1.0,3.14159,x'
    # Without the converter
    csv = CSV.parse_line(data)
    csv # => ["1.0", "3.14159", "x"]
    # With the converter
    csv = CSV.parse_line(data, converters: :float)
    csv # => [1.0, 3.14159, "x"]

Converter `:numeric` converts with both `:integer` and `:float`..

Converter `:date` converts each field that `Date::parse` accepts:

    data = '2001-02-03,x'
    # Without the converter
    csv = CSV.parse_line(data)
    csv # => ["2001-02-03", "x"]
    # With the converter
    csv = CSV.parse_line(data, converters: :date)
    csv # => [#<Date: 2001-02-03 ((2451944j,0s,0n),+0s,2299161j)>, "x"]

Converter `:date_time` converts each field that `DateTime::parse` accepts:

    data = '2020-05-07T14:59:00-05:00,x'
    # Without the converter
    csv = CSV.parse_line(data)
    csv # => ["2020-05-07T14:59:00-05:00", "x"]
    # With the converter
    csv = CSV.parse_line(data, converters: :date_time)
    csv # => [#<DateTime: 2020-05-07T14:59:00-05:00 ((2458977j,71940s,0n),-18000s,2299161j)>, "x"]

Converter `:numeric` converts with both `:date_time` and `:numeric`..

As seen above, method `convert` adds converters to a CSV instance, and method `converters` returns an Array of the converters in effect:

    csv = CSV.new('0,1,2')
    csv.converters # => []
    csv.convert(:integer)
    csv.converters # => [:integer]
    csv.convert(:date)
    csv.converters # => [:integer, :date]

##### Custom Field Converters¶ ↑

You can define a custom field converter:

    strip_converter = proc {|field| field.strip }
    string = " foo , 0 \n bar , 1 \n baz , 2 \n"
    array = CSV.parse(string, converters: strip_converter)
    array # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

You can register the converter in Converters Hash, which allows you to refer to it by name:

    CSV::Converters[:strip] = strip_converter
    string = " foo , 0 \n bar , 1 \n baz , 2 \n"
    array = CSV.parse(string, converters: :strip)
    array # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

#### Header Converters¶ ↑

Header converters operate only on headers (and not on other rows).

There are three ways to use header converters; these examples use built-in header converter `:dowhcase`, which downcases each parsed header.

- Option `header_converters` with a singleton parsing method:

      string = "Name,Count\nFoo,0\n,Bar,1\nBaz,2"
      tbl = CSV.parse(string, headers: true, header_converters: :downcase)
      tbl.class # => CSV::Table
      tbl.headers # => ["name", "count"]

- Option `header_converters` with a new CSV instance:

      csv = CSV.new(string, header_converters: :downcase)
      # Header converters in effect:
      csv.header_converters # => [:downcase]
      tbl = CSV.parse(string, headers: true)
      tbl.headers # => ["Name", "Count"]

- `Method` `header_convert` adds a header converter to a CSV instance:

      csv = CSV.new(string)
      # Add a header converter.
      csv.header_convert(:downcase)
      csv.header_converters # => [:downcase]
      tbl = CSV.parse(string, headers: true)
      tbl.headers # => ["Name", "Count"]

##### Built-In Header Converters¶ ↑

The built-in header converters are in Hash `CSV::HeaderConverters`. The keys there are the names of the converters:

    CSV::HeaderConverters.keys # => [:downcase, :symbol]

Converter `:downcase` converts each header by downcasing it:

    string = "Name,Count\nFoo,0\n,Bar,1\nBaz,2"
    tbl = CSV.parse(string, headers: true, header_converters: :downcase)
    tbl.class # => CSV::Table
    tbl.headers # => ["name", "count"]

Converter `:symbol` converts each header by making it into a Symbol:

    string = "Name,Count\nFoo,0\n,Bar,1\nBaz,2"
    tbl = CSV.parse(string, headers: true, header_converters: :symbol)
    tbl.headers # => [:name, :count]

Details:

- Strips leading and trailing whitespace.

- Downcases the header.

- Replaces embedded spaces with underscores.

- Removes non-word characters.

- Makes the string into a Symbol.

##### Custom Header Converters¶ ↑

You can define a custom header converter:

    upcase_converter = proc {|header| header.upcase }
    string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
    table = CSV.parse(string, headers: true, header_converters: upcase_converter)
    table # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>
    table.headers # => ["NAME", "VALUE"]

You can register the converter in HeaderConverters Hash, which allows you to refer to it by name:

    CSV::HeaderConverters[:upcase] = upcase_converter
    table = CSV.parse(string, headers: true, header_converters: :upcase)
    table # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>
    table.headers # => ["NAME", "VALUE"]

##### Write Converters¶ ↑

When you specify a write converter for generating CSV, each field to be written is passed to the converter; its return value becomes the new value for the field. A converter might, for example, strip whitespace from a field.

Using no write converter (all fields unmodified):

    output_string = CSV.generate do |csv|
      csv << [' foo ', 0]
      csv << [' bar ', 1]
      csv << [' baz ', 2]
    end
    output_string # => " foo ,0\n bar ,1\n baz ,2\n"

Using option `write_converters` with two custom write converters:

    strip_converter = proc {|field| field.respond_to?(:strip) ? field.strip : field }
    upcase_converter = proc {|field| field.respond_to?(:upcase) ? field.upcase : field }
    write_converters = [strip_converter, upcase_converter]
    output_string = CSV.generate(write_converters: write_converters) do |csv|
      csv << [' foo ', 0]
      csv << [' bar ', 1]
      csv << [' baz ', 2]
    end
    output_string # => "FOO,0\nBAR,1\nBAZ,2\n"

### Character Encodings (M17n or Multilingualization)¶ ↑

This new `CSV` parser is m17n savvy. The parser works in the `Encoding` of the `IO` or `String` object being read from or written to. Your data is never transcoded (unless you ask Ruby to transcode it for you) and will literally be parsed in the `Encoding` it is in. Thus `CSV` will return Arrays or Rows of Strings in the `Encoding` of your data. This is accomplished by transcoding the parser itself into your `Encoding`.

Some transcoding must take place, of course, to accomplish this multiencoding support. For example, `:col_sep`, `:row_sep`, and `:quote_char` must be transcoded to match your data. Hopefully this makes the entire process feel transparent, since CSV's defaults should just magically work for your data. However, you can set these values manually in the target `Encoding` to avoid the translation.

It's also important to note that while all of CSV's core parser is now `Encoding` agnostic, some features are not. For example, the built-in converters will try to transcode data to UTF-8 before making conversions. Again, you can provide custom converters that are aware of your Encodings to avoid this translation. It's just too hard for me to support native conversions in all of Ruby's Encodings.

Anyway, the practical side of this is simple: make sure `IO` and `String` objects passed into `CSV` have the proper `Encoding` set and everything should just work. `CSV` methods that allow you to open `IO` objects (`CSV::foreach()`, `CSV::open()`, `CSV::read()`, and `CSV::readlines()`) do allow you to specify the `Encoding`.

One minor exception comes when generating `CSV` into a `String` with an `Encoding` that is not ASCII compatible. There's no existing data for `CSV` to use to prepare itself and thus you will probably need to manually specify the desired `Encoding` for most of those cases. It will try to guess using the fields in a row of output though, when using `CSV::generate_line()` or Array#to_csv().

I try to point out any other `Encoding` issues in the documentation of methods as they come up.

This has been tested to the best of my ability with all non-“dummy” Encodings Ruby ships with. However, it is brave new code and may have some bugs. Please feel free to report any issues you find with it.

### Constants

ConverterEncoding

  The encoding used by all converters.

Converters

  A Hash containing the names and Procs for the built-in field converters. See Built-In Field Converters.

  This Hash is intentionally left unfrozen, and may be extended with custom field converters. See Custom Field Converters.

DEFAULT_OPTIONS

  Default values for method options.

DateMatcher

  A `Regexp` used to find and convert some common `Date` formats.

DateTimeMatcher

  A `Regexp` used to find and convert some common `DateTime` formats.

FieldInfo

  A `FieldInfo` `Struct` contains details about a field's position in the data source it was read from. `CSV` will pass this `Struct` to some blocks that make decisions based on field structure. See `CSV.convert_fields()` for an example.

  `index`

    The zero-based index of the field in its row.

  `line`

    The line of the data source this row is from.

  `header`

    The header for the column, when available.

HeaderConverters

  A Hash containing the names and Procs for the built-in header converters. See Built-In Header Converters.

  This Hash is intentionally left unfrozen, and may be extended with custom field converters. See Custom Header Converters.

VERSION

  The version of the installed library.

### Attributes

encoding[R]

:call-seq:

    csv.encoding -> endcoding

Returns the encoding used for parsing and generating; see Character Encodings (M17n or Multilingualization):

    CSV.new('').encoding # => #<Encoding:UTF-8>

### Public Class Methods

filter(**options) {|row| ... } click to toggle source
filter(in_string, **options) {|row| ... }
filter(in_io, **options) {|row| ... }
filter(in_string, out_string, **options) {|row| ... }
filter(in_string, out_io, **options) {|row| ... }
filter(in_io, out_string, **options) {|row| ... }
filter(in_io, out_io, **options) {|row| ... }

Reads CSV input and writes CSV output.

For each input row:

- Forms the data into:

  - A `CSV::Row` object, if headers are in use.

  - An Array of Arrays, otherwise.

- Calls the block with that object.

- Appends the block's return value to the output.

Arguments:

- CSV source:

  - Argument `in_string`, if given, should be a String object; it will be put into a new `StringIO` object positioned at the beginning.

  - Argument `in_io`, if given, should be an `IO` object that is open for reading; on return, the `IO` object will be closed.

  - If neither `in_string` nor `in_io` is given, the input stream defaults to ARGF.

- CSV output:

  - Argument `out_string`, if given, should be a String object; it will be put into a new `StringIO` object positioned at the beginning.

  - Argument `out_io`, if given, should be an `IO` object that is ppen for writing; on return, the `IO` object will be closed.

  - If neither `out_string` nor `out_io` is given, the output stream defaults to `$stdout`.

- Argument `options` should be keyword arguments.

  - Each argument name that is prefixed with `in_` or `input_` is stripped of its prefix and is treated as an option for parsing the input. Option `input_row_sep` defaults to `$INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR`.

  - Each argument name that is prefixed with `out_` or `output_` is stripped of its prefix and is treated as an option for generating the output. Option `output_row_sep` defaults to `$INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR`.

  - Each argument not prefixed as above is treated as an option both for parsing the input and for generating the output.

  - See Options for Parsing and Options for Generating.

Example:

    in_string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
    out_string = ''
    CSV.filter(in_string, out_string) do |row|
      row[0] = row[0].upcase
      row[1] *= 4
    end
    out_string # => "FOO,0000\nBAR,1111\nBAZ,2222\n"

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 1052
    def filter(input=nil, output=nil, **options)
      # parse options for input, output, or both
      in_options, out_options = Hash.new, {row_sep: $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR}
      options.each do |key, value|
        case key.to_s
        when /\Ain(?:put)?_(.+)\Z/
          in_options[$1.to_sym] = value
        when /\Aout(?:put)?_(.+)\Z/
          out_options[$1.to_sym] = value
        else
          in_options[key]  = value
          out_options[key] = value
        end
      end

      # build input and output wrappers
      input  = new(input  || ARGF, **in_options)
      output = new(output || $stdout, **out_options)

      # process headers
      need_manual_header_output =
        (in_options[:headers] and
         out_options[:headers] == true and
         out_options[:write_headers])
      if need_manual_header_output
        first_row = input.shift
        if first_row
          if first_row.is_a?(Row)
            headers = first_row.headers
            yield headers
            output << headers
          end
          yield first_row
          output << first_row
        end
      end

      # read, yield, write
      input.each do |row|
        yield row
        output << row
      end
    end

foreach(path, mode='r', **options) {|row| ... ) click to toggle source
foreach(io, mode='r', **options {|row| ... )
foreach(path, mode='r', headers: ..., **options) {|row| ... )
foreach(io, mode='r', headers: ..., **options {|row| ... )
foreach(path, mode='r', **options) → new_enumerator
foreach(io, mode='r', **options → new_enumerator

Calls the block with each row read from source `path` or `io`.

- Argument `path`, if given, must be the path to a file.

- Argument `io` should be an `IO` object that is:

  - Open for reading; on return, the `IO` object will be closed.

  - Positioned at the beginning. To position at the end, for appending, use method `CSV.generate`. For any other positioning, pass a preset StringIO object instead.

- Argument `mode`, if given, must be a File mode See Open Mode.

- Arguments `**options` must be keyword options. See Options for Parsing.

- This method optionally accepts an additional `:encoding` option that you can use to specify the `Encoding` of the data read from `path` or `io`. You must provide this unless your data is in the encoding given by `Encoding::default_external`. Parsing will use this to determine how to parse the data. You may provide a second `Encoding` to have the data transcoded as it is read. For example,

      encoding: 'UTF-32BE:UTF-8'

  would read `UTF-32BE` data from the file but transcode it to `UTF-8` before parsing.

###### Without Option `headers`¶ ↑

Without option `headers`, returns each row as an Array object.

These examples assume prior execution of:

    string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
    path = 't.csv'
    File.write(path, string)

Read rows from a file at `path`:

    CSV.foreach(path) {|row| p row }

Output:

    ["foo", "0"]
    ["bar", "1"]
    ["baz", "2"]

Read rows from an IO object:

    File.open(path) do |file|
      CSV.foreach(file) {|row| p row }
    end

Output:

    ["foo", "0"]
    ["bar", "1"]
    ["baz", "2"]

Returns a new Enumerator if no block given:

    CSV.foreach(path) # => #<Enumerator: CSV:foreach("t.csv", "r")>
    CSV.foreach(File.open(path)) # => #<Enumerator: CSV:foreach(#<File:t.csv>, "r")>

Issues a warning if an encoding is unsupported:

    CSV.foreach(File.open(path), encoding: 'foo:bar') {|row| }

Output:

    warning: Unsupported encoding foo ignored
    warning: Unsupported encoding bar ignored

###### With Option `headers`¶ ↑

With {option `headers`}, returns each row as a `CSV::Row` object.

These examples assume prior execution of:

    string = "Name,Count\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
    path = 't.csv'
    File.write(path, string)

Read rows from a file at `path`:

    CSV.foreach(path, headers: true) {|row| p row }

Output:

    #<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Count":"0">
    #<CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Count":"1">
    #<CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Count":"2">

Read rows from an IO object:

    File.open(path) do |file|
      CSV.foreach(file, headers: true) {|row| p row }
    end

Output:

    #<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Count":"0">
    #<CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Count":"1">
    #<CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Count":"2">

Raises an exception if `path` is a String, but not the path to a readable file:

    # Raises Errno::ENOENT (No such file or directory @ rb_sysopen - nosuch.csv):
    CSV.foreach('nosuch.csv') {|row| }

Raises an exception if `io` is an IO object, but not open for reading:

    io = File.open(path, 'w') {|row| }
    # Raises TypeError (no implicit conversion of nil into String):
    CSV.foreach(io) {|row| }

Raises an exception if `mode` is invalid:

    # Raises ArgumentError (invalid access mode nosuch):
    CSV.foreach(path, 'nosuch') {|row| }

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 1203
    def foreach(path, mode="r", **options, &block)
      return to_enum(__method__, path, mode, **options) unless block_given?
      open(path, mode, **options) do |csv|
        csv.each(&block)
      end
    end

generate(csv_string, **options) {|csv| ... } click to toggle source
generate(**options) {|csv| ... }

- Argument `csv_string`, if given, must be a String object; defaults to a new empty String.

- Arguments `options`, if given, should be generating options. See Options for Generating.

Creates a new CSV object via `CSV.new(csv_string, **options)`; calls the block with the CSV object, which the block may modify; returns the String generated from the CSV object.

Note that a passed String is modified by this method. Pass `csv_string`.dup if the String must be preserved.

This method has one additional option: `:encoding`, which sets the base `Encoding` for the output if no no `str` is specified. `CSV` needs this hint if you plan to output non-ASCII compatible data.

Add lines:

    input_string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
    output_string = CSV.generate(input_string) do |csv|
      csv << ['bat', 3]
      csv << ['bam', 4]
    end
    output_string # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\nbat,3\nbam,4\n"
    input_string # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\nbat,3\nbam,4\n"
    output_string.equal?(input_string) # => true # Same string, modified

Add lines into new string, preserving old string:

    input_string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
    output_string = CSV.generate(input_string.dup) do |csv|
      csv << ['bat', 3]
      csv << ['bam', 4]
    end
    output_string # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\nbat,3\nbam,4\n"
    input_string # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
    output_string.equal?(input_string) # => false # Different strings

Create lines from nothing:

    output_string = CSV.generate do |csv|
      csv << ['foo', 0]
      csv << ['bar', 1]
      csv << ['baz', 2]
    end
    output_string # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"

Raises an exception if `csv_string` is not a String object:

    # Raises TypeError (no implicit conversion of Integer into String)
    CSV.generate(0)

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 1269
    def generate(str=nil, **options)
      encoding = options[:encoding]
      # add a default empty String, if none was given
      if str
        str = StringIO.new(str)
        str.seek(0, IO::SEEK_END)
        str.set_encoding(encoding) if encoding
      else
        str = +""
        str.force_encoding(encoding) if encoding
      end
      csv = new(str, **options) # wrap
      yield csv         # yield for appending
      csv.string        # return final String
    end

generate_line(ary) click to toggle source
generate_line(ary, **options)

Returns the String created by generating CSV from `ary` using the specified `options`.

Argument `ary` must be an Array.

Special options:

- Option `:row_sep` defaults to `$INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR` (`$/`).:

      $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR # => "\n"

- This method accepts an additional option, `:encoding`, which sets the base `Encoding` for the output. This method will try to guess your `Encoding` from the first non-`nil` field in `row`, if possible, but you may need to use this parameter as a backup plan.

For other `options`, see Options for Generating.

Returns the String generated from an Array:

    CSV.generate_line(['foo', '0']) # => "foo,0\n"

Raises an exception if `ary` is not an Array:

    # Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `find' for :foo:Symbol)
    CSV.generate_line(:foo)

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 1317
    def generate_line(row, **options)
      options = {row_sep: $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR}.merge(options)
      str = +""
      if options[:encoding]
        str.force_encoding(options[:encoding])
      else
        fallback_encoding = nil
        output_encoding = nil
        row.each do |field|
          next unless field.is_a?(String)
          fallback_encoding ||= field.encoding
          next if field.ascii_only?
          output_encoding = field.encoding
          break
        end
        output_encoding ||= fallback_encoding
        if output_encoding
          str.force_encoding(output_encoding)
        end
      end
      (new(str, **options) << row).string
    end

instance(string, **options) click to toggle source
instance(io = $stdout, **options)
instance(string, **options) {|csv| ... }
instance(io = $stdout, **options) {|csv| ... }

Creates or retrieves cached CSV objects. For arguments and options, see `CSV.new`.

With no block given, returns a CSV object.

The first call to `instance` creates and caches a CSV object:

    s0 = 's0'
    csv0 = CSV.instance(s0)
    csv0.class # => CSV

Subsequent calls to `instance` with that same `string` or `io` retrieve that same cached object:

    csv1 = CSV.instance(s0)
    csv1.class # => CSV
    csv1.equal?(csv0) # => true # Same CSV object

A subsequent call to `instance` with a different `string` or `io` creates and caches a different CSV object.

    s1 = 's1'
    csv2 = CSV.instance(s1)
    csv2.equal?(csv0) # => false # Different CSV object

All the cached objects remains available:

    csv3 = CSV.instance(s0)
    csv3.equal?(csv0) # true # Same CSV object
    csv4 = CSV.instance(s1)
    csv4.equal?(csv2) # true # Same CSV object

When a block is given, calls the block with the created or retrieved CSV object; returns the block's return value:

    CSV.instance(s0) {|csv| :foo } # => :foo

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 981
    def instance(data = $stdout, **options)
      # create a _signature_ for this method call, data object and options
      sig = [data.object_id] +
            options.values_at(*DEFAULT_OPTIONS.keys.sort_by { |sym| sym.to_s })

      # fetch or create the instance for this signature
      @@instances ||= Hash.new
      instance = (@@instances[sig] ||= new(data, **options))

      if block_given?
        yield instance  # run block, if given, returning result
      else
        instance        # or return the instance
      end
    end

new(string) click to toggle source
new(io)
new(string, **options)
new(io, **options)

Returns the new CSV object created using `string` or `io` and the specified `options`.

- Argument `string` should be a String object; it will be put into a new `StringIO` object positioned at the beginning.

- Argument `io` should be an `IO` object that is:

  - Open for reading; on return, the `IO` object will be closed.

  - Positioned at the beginning. To position at the end, for appending, use method `CSV.generate`. For any other positioning, pass a preset StringIO object instead.

- Argument `options`: See:

  - Options for Parsing

  - Options for Generating

  For performance reasons, the options cannot be overridden in a CSV object, so those specified here will endure.

In addition to the CSV instance methods, several IO methods are delegated. See Delegated Methods.

Create a CSV object from a String object:

    csv = CSV.new('foo,0')
    csv # => #<CSV io_type:StringIO encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"">

Create a CSV object from a File object:

    File.write('t.csv', 'foo,0')
    csv = CSV.new(File.open('t.csv'))
    csv # => #<CSV io_type:File io_path:"t.csv" encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"">

Raises an exception if the argument is `nil`:

    # Raises ArgumentError (Cannot parse nil as CSV):
    CSV.new(nil)

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 1732
    def initialize(data,
                   col_sep: ",",
                   row_sep: :auto,
                   quote_char: '"',
                   field_size_limit: nil,
                   converters: nil,
                   unconverted_fields: nil,
                   headers: false,
                   return_headers: false,
                   write_headers: nil,
                   header_converters: nil,
                   skip_blanks: false,
                   force_quotes: false,
                   skip_lines: nil,
                   liberal_parsing: false,
                   internal_encoding: nil,
                   external_encoding: nil,
                   encoding: nil,
                   nil_value: nil,
                   empty_value: "",
                   quote_empty: true,
                   write_converters: nil,
                   write_nil_value: nil,
                   write_empty_value: "",
                   strip: false)
      raise ArgumentError.new("Cannot parse nil as CSV") if data.nil?

      if data.is_a?(String)
        @io = StringIO.new(data)
        @io.set_encoding(encoding || data.encoding)
      else
        @io = data
      end
      @encoding = determine_encoding(encoding, internal_encoding)

      @base_fields_converter_options = {
        nil_value: nil_value,
        empty_value: empty_value,
      }
      @write_fields_converter_options = {
        nil_value: write_nil_value,
        empty_value: write_empty_value,
      }
      @initial_converters = converters
      @initial_header_converters = header_converters
      @initial_write_converters = write_converters

      @parser_options = {
        column_separator: col_sep,
        row_separator: row_sep,
        quote_character: quote_char,
        field_size_limit: field_size_limit,
        unconverted_fields: unconverted_fields,
        headers: headers,
        return_headers: return_headers,
        skip_blanks: skip_blanks,
        skip_lines: skip_lines,
        liberal_parsing: liberal_parsing,
        encoding: @encoding,
        nil_value: nil_value,
        empty_value: empty_value,
        strip: strip,
      }
      @parser = nil
      @parser_enumerator = nil
      @eof_error = nil

      @writer_options = {
        encoding: @encoding,
        force_encoding: (not encoding.nil?),
        force_quotes: force_quotes,
        headers: headers,
        write_headers: write_headers,
        column_separator: col_sep,
        row_separator: row_sep,
        quote_character: quote_char,
        quote_empty: quote_empty,
      }

      @writer = nil
      writer if @writer_options[:write_headers]
    end

open(file_path, mode = "rb", **options ) → new_csv click to toggle source
open(io, mode = "rb", **options ) → new_csv
open(file_path, mode = "rb", **options ) { |csv| ... } → object
open(io, mode = "rb", **options ) { |csv| ... } → object

possible options elements:

    hash form:
      :invalid => nil      # raise error on invalid byte sequence (default)
      :invalid => :replace # replace invalid byte sequence
      :undef => :replace   # replace undefined conversion
      :replace => string   # replacement string ("?" or "\uFFFD" if not specified)

- Argument `path`, if given, must be the path to a file.

- Argument `io` should be an `IO` object that is:

  - Open for reading; on return, the `IO` object will be closed.

  - Positioned at the beginning. To position at the end, for appending, use method `CSV.generate`. For any other positioning, pass a preset StringIO object instead.

- Argument `mode`, if given, must be a File mode See Open Mode.

- Arguments `**options` must be keyword options. See Options for Generating.

- This method optionally accepts an additional `:encoding` option that you can use to specify the `Encoding` of the data read from `path` or `io`. You must provide this unless your data is in the encoding given by `Encoding::default_external`. Parsing will use this to determine how to parse the data. You may provide a second `Encoding` to have the data transcoded as it is read. For example,

      encoding: 'UTF-32BE:UTF-8'

  would read `UTF-32BE` data from the file but transcode it to `UTF-8` before parsing.

These examples assume prior execution of:

    string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
    path = 't.csv'
    File.write(path, string)

With no block given, returns a new CSV object.

Create a CSV object using a file path:

    csv = CSV.open(path)
    csv # => #<CSV io_type:File io_path:"t.csv" encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"">

Create a CSV object using an open File:

    csv = CSV.open(File.open(path))
    csv # => #<CSV io_type:File io_path:"t.csv" encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"">

With a block given, calls the block with the created CSV object; returns the block's return value:

Using a file path:

    csv = CSV.open(path) {|csv| p csv}
    csv # => #<CSV io_type:File io_path:"t.csv" encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"">

Output:

    #<CSV io_type:File io_path:"t.csv" encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"">

Using an open File:

    csv = CSV.open(File.open(path)) {|csv| p csv}
    csv # => #<CSV io_type:File io_path:"t.csv" encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"">

Output:

    #<CSV io_type:File io_path:"t.csv" encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"">

Raises an exception if the argument is not a String object or IO object:

    # Raises TypeError (no implicit conversion of Symbol into String)
    CSV.open(:foo)

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 1412
    def open(filename, mode="r", **options)
      # wrap a File opened with the remaining +args+ with no newline
      # decorator
      file_opts = {universal_newline: false}.merge(options)
      options.delete(:invalid)
      options.delete(:undef)
      options.delete(:replace)

      begin
        f = File.open(filename, mode, **file_opts)
      rescue ArgumentError => e
        raise unless /needs binmode/.match?(e.message) and mode == "r"
        mode = "rb"
        file_opts = {encoding: Encoding.default_external}.merge(file_opts)
        retry
      end
      begin
        csv = new(f, **options)
      rescue Exception
        f.close
        raise
      end

      # handle blocks like Ruby's open(), not like the CSV library
      if block_given?
        begin
          yield csv
        ensure
          csv.close
        end
      else
        csv
      end
    end

parse(string) → array_of_arrays click to toggle source
parse(io) → array_of_arrays
parse(string, headers: ..., **options) → csv_table
parse(io, headers: ..., **options) → csv_table
parse(string, **options) {|row| ... }
parse(io, **options) {|row| ... }

Parses `string` or `io` using the specified `options`.

- Argument `string` should be a String object; it will be put into a new `StringIO` object positioned at the beginning.

- Argument `io` should be an `IO` object that is:

  - Open for reading; on return, the `IO` object will be closed.

  - Positioned at the beginning. To position at the end, for appending, use method `CSV.generate`. For any other positioning, pass a preset StringIO object instead.

- Argument `options`: see Options for Parsing

###### Without Option `headers`¶ ↑

Without {option `headers`} case.

These examples assume prior execution of:

    string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
    path = 't.csv'
    File.write(path, string)

With no block given, returns an Array of Arrays formed from the source.

Parse a String:

    a_of_a = CSV.parse(string)
    a_of_a # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

Parse an open File:

    a_of_a = File.open(path) do |file|
      CSV.parse(file)
    end
    a_of_a # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

With a block given, calls the block with each parsed row:

Parse a String:

    CSV.parse(string) {|row| p row }

Output:

    ["foo", "0"]
    ["bar", "1"]
    ["baz", "2"]

Parse an open File:

    File.open(path) do |file|
      CSV.parse(file) {|row| p row }
    end

Output:

    ["foo", "0"]
    ["bar", "1"]
    ["baz", "2"]

###### With Option `headers`¶ ↑

With {option `headers`} case.

These examples assume prior execution of:

    string = "Name,Count\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
    path = 't.csv'
    File.write(path, string)

With no block given, returns a `CSV::Table` object formed from the source.

Parse a String:

    csv_table = CSV.parse(string, headers: ['Name', 'Count'])
    csv_table # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:5>

Parse an open File:

    csv_table = File.open(path) do |file|
      CSV.parse(file, headers: ['Name', 'Count'])
    end
    csv_table # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>

With a block given, calls the block with each parsed row, which has been formed into a `CSV::Row` object:

Parse a String:

    CSV.parse(string, headers: ['Name', 'Count']) {|row| p row }

Output:

    # <CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Count":"0">
    # <CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Count":"1">
    # <CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Count":"2">

Parse an open File:

    File.open(path) do |file|
      CSV.parse(file, headers: ['Name', 'Count']) {|row| p row }
    end

Output:

    # <CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Count":"0">
    # <CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Count":"1">
    # <CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Count":"2">

Raises an exception if the argument is not a String object or IO object:

    # Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `close' for :foo:Symbol)
    CSV.parse(:foo)

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 1559
    def parse(str, **options, &block)
      csv = new(str, **options)

      return csv.each(&block) if block_given?

      # slurp contents, if no block is given
      begin
        csv.read
      ensure
        csv.close
      end
    end

parse_line(string) → new_array or nil click to toggle source
parse_line(io) → new_array or nil
parse_line(string, **options) → new_array or nil
parse_line(io, **options) → new_array or nil
parse_line(string, headers: true, **options) → csv_row or nil
parse_line(io, headers: true, **options) → csv_row or nil

Returns the data created by parsing the first line of `string` or `io` using the specified `options`.

- Argument `string` should be a String object; it will be put into a new `StringIO` object positioned at the beginning.

- Argument `io` should be an `IO` object that is:

  - Open for reading; on return, the `IO` object will be closed.

  - Positioned at the beginning. To position at the end, for appending, use method `CSV.generate`. For any other positioning, pass a preset StringIO object instead.

- Argument `options`: see Options for Parsing

###### Without Option `headers`¶ ↑

Without option `headers`, returns the first row as a new Array.

These examples assume prior execution of:

    string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
    path = 't.csv'
    File.write(path, string)

Parse the first line from a String object:

    CSV.parse_line(string) # => ["foo", "0"]

Parse the first line from a `File` object:

    File.open(path) do |file|
      CSV.parse_line(file) # => ["foo", "0"]
    end # => ["foo", "0"]

Returns `nil` if the argument is an empty String:

    CSV.parse_line('') # => nil

###### With Option `headers`¶ ↑

With {option `headers`}, returns the first row as a `CSV::Row` object.

These examples assume prior execution of:

    string = "Name,Count\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
    path = 't.csv'
    File.write(path, string)

Parse the first line from a String object:

    CSV.parse_line(string, headers: true) # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Count":"0">

Parse the first line from a `File` object:

    File.open(path) do |file|
      CSV.parse_line(file, headers: true)
    end # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Count":"0">

Raises an exception if the argument is `nil`:

    # Raises ArgumentError (Cannot parse nil as CSV):
    CSV.parse_line(nil)

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 1632
    def parse_line(line, **options)
      new(line, **options).each.first
    end

read(source, **options) → array_of_arrays click to toggle source
read(source, headers: true, **options) → csv_table

Opens the given `source` with the given `options` (see `CSV.open`), reads the source (see `CSV#read`), and returns the result, which will be either an Array of Arrays or a `CSV::Table`.

Without headers:

    string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
    path = 't.csv'
    File.write(path, string)
    CSV.read(path) # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

With headers:

    string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
    path = 't.csv'
    File.write(path, string)
    CSV.read(path, headers: true) # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 1656
    def read(path, **options)
      open(path, **options) { |csv| csv.read }
    end

readlines(source, **options) click to toggle source

Alias for `CSV.read`.

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 1664
    def readlines(path, **options)
      read(path, **options)
    end

table(source, **options) click to toggle source

Calls `CSV.read` with `source`, `options`, and certain default options:

- `headers`: `true`

- `converbers`: `:numeric`

- `header_converters`: `:symbol`

Returns a `CSV::Table` object.

Example:

    string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
    path = 't.csv'
    File.write(path, string)
    CSV.table(path) # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 1683
    def table(path, **options)
      default_options = {
        headers:           true,
        converters:        :numeric,
        header_converters: :symbol,
      }
      options = default_options.merge(options)
      read(path, **options)
    end

### Public Instance Methods

csv << row → self click to toggle source

Appends a row to `self`.

- Argument `row` must be an Array object or a `CSV::Row` object.

- The output stream must be open for writing.

Append Arrays:

    CSV.generate do |csv|
      csv << ['foo', 0]
      csv << ['bar', 1]
      csv << ['baz', 2]
    end # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"

Append CSV::Rows:

    headers = []
    CSV.generate do |csv|
      csv << CSV::Row.new(headers, ['foo', 0])
      csv << CSV::Row.new(headers, ['bar', 1])
      csv << CSV::Row.new(headers, ['baz', 2])
    end # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"

Headers in `CSV::Row` objects are not appended:

    headers = ['Name', 'Count']
    CSV.generate do |csv|
      csv << CSV::Row.new(headers, ['foo', 0])
      csv << CSV::Row.new(headers, ['bar', 1])
      csv << CSV::Row.new(headers, ['baz', 2])
    end # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"

Raises an exception if `row` is not an Array or CSV::Row:

    CSV.generate do |csv|
      # Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `collect' for :foo:Symbol)
      csv << :foo
    end

Raises an exception if the output stream is not opened for writing:

    path = 't.csv'
    File.write(path, '')
    File.open(path) do |file|
      CSV.open(file) do |csv|
        # Raises IOError (not opened for writing)
        csv << ['foo', 0]
      end
    end

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 2162
    def <<(row)
      writer << row
      self
    end

Also aliased as: add_row, puts
Alias for: <<
binmode?() click to toggle source

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 2051
    def binmode?
      if @io.respond_to?(:binmode?)
        @io.binmode?
      else
        false
      end
    end

col_sep → string click to toggle source

Returns the encoded column separator; used for parsing and writing; see {Option `col_sep`}:

    CSV.new('').col_sep # => ","

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 1821
    def col_sep
      parser.column_separator
    end

convert(converter_name) → array_of_procs click to toggle source
convert {|field, field_info| ... } → array_of_procs

- With no block, installs a field converter (a Proc).

- With a block, defines and installs a custom field converter.

- Returns the Array of installed field converters.

- Argument `converter_name`, if given, should be the name of an existing field converter.

See Field Converters.

With no block, installs a field converter:

    csv = CSV.new('')
    csv.convert(:integer)
    csv.convert(:float)
    csv.convert(:date)
    csv.converters # => [:integer, :float, :date]

The block, if given, is called for each field:

- Argument `field` is the field value.

- Argument `field_info` is a `CSV::FieldInfo` object containing details about the field.

The examples here assume the prior execution of:

    string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
    path = 't.csv'
    File.write(path, string)

Example giving a block:

    csv = CSV.open(path)
    csv.convert {|field, field_info| p [field, field_info]; field.upcase }
    csv.read # => [["FOO", "0"], ["BAR", "1"], ["BAZ", "2"]]

Output:

    ["foo", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=0, line=1, header=nil>]
    ["0", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=1, line=1, header=nil>]
    ["bar", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=0, line=2, header=nil>]
    ["1", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=1, line=2, header=nil>]
    ["baz", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=0, line=3, header=nil>]
    ["2", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=1, line=3, header=nil>]

The block need not return a String object:

    csv = CSV.open(path)
    csv.convert {|field, field_info| field.to_sym }
    csv.read # => [[:foo, :"0"], [:bar, :"1"], [:baz, :"2"]]

If `converter_name` is given, the block is not called:

    csv = CSV.open(path)
    csv.convert(:integer) {|field, field_info| fail 'Cannot happen' }
    csv.read # => [["foo", 0], ["bar", 1], ["baz", 2]]

Raises a parse-time exception if `converter_name` is not the name of a built-in field converter:

    csv = CSV.open(path)
    csv.convert(:nosuch) => [nil]
    # Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `arity' for nil:NilClass)
    csv.read

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 2233
    def convert(name = nil, &converter)
      parser_fields_converter.add_converter(name, &converter)
    end

converters → array click to toggle source

Returns an Array containing field converters; see Field Converters:

    csv = CSV.new('')
    csv.converters # => []
    csv.convert(:integer)
    csv.converters # => [:integer]
    csv.convert(proc {|x| x.to_s })
    csv.converters

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 1876
    def converters
      parser_fields_converter.map do |converter|
        name = Converters.rassoc(converter)
        name ? name.first : converter
      end
    end

each → enumerator click to toggle source
each {|row| ...}

Calls the block with each successive row. The data source must be opened for reading.

Without headers:

    string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
    csv = CSV.new(string)
    csv.each do |row|
      p row
    end

Output:

    ["foo", "0"]
    ["bar", "1"]
    ["baz", "2"]

With headers:

    string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
    csv = CSV.new(string, headers: true)
    csv.each do |row|
      p row
    end

Output:

    <CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Value":"0">
    <CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Value":"1">
    <CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Value":"2">

Raises an exception if the source is not opened for reading:

    string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
    csv = CSV.new(string)
    csv.close
    # Raises IOError (not opened for reading)
    csv.each do |row|
      p row
    end

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 2344
    def each(&block)
      parser_enumerator.each(&block)
    end

eof()
Alias for: eof?
eof?() click to toggle source

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 2087
    def eof?
      return false if @eof_error
      begin
        parser_enumerator.peek
        false
      rescue MalformedCSVError => error
        @eof_error = error
        false
      rescue StopIteration
        true
      end
    end

Also aliased as: eof
field_size_limit → integer or nil click to toggle source

Returns the limit for field size; used for parsing; see {Option `field_size_limit`}:

    CSV.new('').field_size_limit # => nil

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 1851
    def field_size_limit
      parser.field_size_limit
    end

flock(*args) click to toggle source

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 2059
    def flock(*args)
      raise NotImplementedError unless @io.respond_to?(:flock)
      @io.flock(*args)
    end

force_quotes? → true or false click to toggle source

Returns the value that determines whether all output fields are to be quoted; used for generating; see {Option `force_quotes`}:

    CSV.new('').force_quotes? # => false

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 1962
    def force_quotes?
      @writer_options[:force_quotes]
    end

Alias for: shift
header_convert(name = nil, &converter) click to toggle source

The block need not return a String object:

    csv = CSV.open(path, headers: true)
    csv.header_convert {|header, field_info| header.to_sym }
    table = csv.read
    table.headers # => [:Name, :Value]

If `converter_name` is given, the block is not called:

    csv = CSV.open(path, headers: true)
    csv.header_convert(:downcase) {|header, field_info| fail 'Cannot happen' }
    table = csv.read
    table.headers # => ["name", "value"]

Raises a parse-time exception if `converter_name` is not the name of a built-in field converter:

    csv = CSV.open(path, headers: true)
    csv.header_convert(:nosuch)
    # Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `arity' for nil:NilClass)
    csv.read

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 2299
    def header_convert(name = nil, &converter)
      header_fields_converter.add_converter(name, &converter)
    end

header_converters → array click to toggle source

Returns an Array containing header converters; used for parsing; see Header Converters:

    CSV.new('').header_converters # => []

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 1938
    def header_converters
      header_fields_converter.map do |converter|
        name = HeaderConverters.rassoc(converter)
        name ? name.first : converter
      end
    end

header_row? → true or false click to toggle source

Returns `true` if the next row to be read is a header row; `false` otherwise.

Without headers:

    string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
    csv = CSV.new(string)
    csv.header_row? # => false

With headers:

    string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
    csv = CSV.new(string, headers: true)
    csv.header_row? # => true
    csv.shift # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Value":"0">
    csv.header_row? # => false

Raises an exception if the source is not opened for reading:

    string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
    csv = CSV.new(string)
    csv.close
    # Raises IOError (not opened for reading)
    csv.header_row?

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 2415
    def header_row?
      parser.header_row?
    end

headers → object click to toggle source

Returns the value that determines whether headers are used; used for parsing; see {Option `headers`}:

    CSV.new('').headers # => nil

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 1900
    def headers
      if @writer
        @writer.headers
      else
        parsed_headers = parser.headers
        return parsed_headers if parsed_headers
        raw_headers = @parser_options[:headers]
        raw_headers = nil if raw_headers == false
        raw_headers
      end
    end

inspect → string click to toggle source

Returns a String showing certain properties of `self`:

    string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
    csv = CSV.new(string, headers: true)
    s = csv.inspect
    s # => "#<CSV io_type:StringIO encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:\",\" row_sep:\"\\n\" quote_char:\"\\\"\" headers:true>"

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 2474
    def inspect
      str = ["#<", self.class.to_s, " io_type:"]
      # show type of wrapped IO
      if    @io == $stdout then str << "$stdout"
      elsif @io == $stdin  then str << "$stdin"
      elsif @io == $stderr then str << "$stderr"
      else                      str << @io.class.to_s
      end
      # show IO.path(), if available
      if @io.respond_to?(:path) and (p = @io.path)
        str << " io_path:" << p.inspect
      end
      # show encoding
      str << " encoding:" << @encoding.name
      # show other attributes
      ["lineno", "col_sep", "row_sep", "quote_char"].each do |attr_name|
        if a = __send__(attr_name)
          str << " " << attr_name << ":" << a.inspect
        end
      end
      ["skip_blanks", "liberal_parsing"].each do |attr_name|
        if a = __send__("#{attr_name}?")
          str << " " << attr_name << ":" << a.inspect
        end
      end
      _headers = headers
      str << " headers:" << _headers.inspect if _headers
      str << ">"
      begin
        str.join('')
      rescue  # any encoding error
        str.map do |s|
          e = Encoding::Converter.asciicompat_encoding(s.encoding)
          e ? s.encode(e) : s.force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT")
        end.join('')
      end
    end

ioctl(*args) click to toggle source

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 2064
    def ioctl(*args)
      raise NotImplementedError unless @io.respond_to?(:ioctl)
      @io.ioctl(*args)
    end

liberal_parsing? → true or false click to toggle source

Returns the value that determines whether illegal input is to be handled; used for parsing; see {Option `liberal_parsing`}:

    CSV.new('').liberal_parsing? # => false

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 1972
    def liberal_parsing?
      parser.liberal_parsing?
    end

line → array click to toggle source

Returns the line most recently read:

    string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
    path = 't.csv'
    File.write(path, string)
    CSV.open(path) do |csv|
      csv.each do |row|
        p [csv.lineno, csv.line]
      end
    end

Output:

    [1, "foo,0\n"]
    [2, "bar,1\n"]
    [3, "baz,2\n"]

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 2037
    def line
      parser.line
    end

line_no → integer click to toggle source

Returns the count of the rows parsed or generated.

Parsing:

    string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
    path = 't.csv'
    File.write(path, string)
    CSV.open(path) do |csv|
      csv.each do |row|
        p [csv.lineno, row]
      end
    end

Output:

    [1, ["foo", "0"]]
    [2, ["bar", "1"]]
    [3, ["baz", "2"]]

Generating:

    CSV.generate do |csv|
      p csv.lineno; csv << ['foo', 0]
      p csv.lineno; csv << ['bar', 1]
      p csv.lineno; csv << ['baz', 2]
    end

Output:

    0
    1
    2

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 2013
    def lineno
      if @writer
        @writer.lineno
      else
        parser.lineno
      end
    end

path() click to toggle source

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 2069
    def path
      @io.path if @io.respond_to?(:path)
    end

Alias for: <<
quote_char → character click to toggle source

Returns the encoded quote character; used for parsing and writing; see {Option `quote_char`}:

    CSV.new('').quote_char # => "\""

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 1841
    def quote_char
      parser.quote_character
    end

read → array or csv_table click to toggle source

Forms the remaining rows from `self` into:

- A `CSV::Table` object, if headers are in use.

- An Array of Arrays, otherwise.

The data source must be opened for reading.

Without headers:

    string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
    path = 't.csv'
    File.write(path, string)
    csv = CSV.open(path)
    csv.read # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

With headers:

    string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
    path = 't.csv'
    File.write(path, string)
    csv = CSV.open(path, headers: true)
    csv.read # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>

Raises an exception if the source is not opened for reading:

    string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
    csv = CSV.new(string)
    csv.close
    # Raises IOError (not opened for reading)
    csv.read

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 2379
    def read
      rows = to_a
      if parser.use_headers?
        Table.new(rows, headers: parser.headers)
      else
        rows
      end
    end

Also aliased as: readlines
Alias for: shift
Alias for: read
return_headers? → true or false click to toggle source

Returns the value that determines whether headers are to be returned; used for parsing; see {Option `return_headers`}:

    CSV.new('').return_headers? # => false

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 1918
    def return_headers?
      parser.return_headers?
    end

rewind() click to toggle source

Rewinds the underlying `IO` object and resets CSV's lineno() counter.

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 2102
    def rewind
      @parser = nil
      @parser_enumerator = nil
      @eof_error = nil
      @writer.rewind if @writer
      @io.rewind
    end

row_sep → string click to toggle source

Returns the encoded row separator; used for parsing and writing; see {Option `row_sep`}:

    CSV.new('').row_sep # => "\n"

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 1831
    def row_sep
      parser.row_separator
    end

shift → array, csv_row, or nil click to toggle source

Returns the next row of data as:

- An Array if no headers are used.

- A `CSV::Row` object if headers are used.

The data source must be opened for reading.

Without headers:

    string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
    csv = CSV.new(string)
    csv.shift # => ["foo", "0"]
    csv.shift # => ["bar", "1"]
    csv.shift # => ["baz", "2"]
    csv.shift # => nil

With headers:

    string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
    csv = CSV.new(string, headers: true)
    csv.shift # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Value":"0">
    csv.shift # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Value":"1">
    csv.shift # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Value":"2">
    csv.shift # => nil

Raises an exception if the source is not opened for reading:

    string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
    csv = CSV.new(string)
    csv.close
    # Raises IOError (not opened for reading)
    csv.shift

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 2452
    def shift
      if @eof_error
        eof_error, @eof_error = @eof_error, nil
        raise eof_error
      end
      begin
        parser_enumerator.next
      rescue StopIteration
        nil
      end
    end

Also aliased as: gets, readline
skip_blanks? → true or false click to toggle source

Returns the value that determines whether blank lines are to be ignored; used for parsing; see {Option `skip_blanks`}:

    CSV.new('').skip_blanks? # => false

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 1951
    def skip_blanks?
      parser.skip_blanks?
    end

skip_lines → regexp or nil click to toggle source

Returns the Regexp used to identify comment lines; used for parsing; see {Option `skip_lines`}:

    CSV.new('').skip_lines # => nil

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 1861
    def skip_lines
      parser.skip_lines
    end

stat(*args) click to toggle source

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 2073
    def stat(*args)
      raise NotImplementedError unless @io.respond_to?(:stat)
      @io.stat(*args)
    end

to_i() click to toggle source

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 2078
    def to_i
      raise NotImplementedError unless @io.respond_to?(:to_i)
      @io.to_i
    end

to_io() click to toggle source

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 2083
    def to_io
      @io.respond_to?(:to_io) ? @io.to_io : @io
    end

unconverted_fields? → object click to toggle source

Returns the value that determines whether unconverted fields are to be available; used for parsing; see {Option `unconverted_fields`}:

    CSV.new('').unconverted_fields? # => nil

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 1890
    def unconverted_fields?
      parser.unconverted_fields?
    end

write_headers? → true or false click to toggle source

Returns the value that determines whether headers are to be written; used for generating; see {Option `write_headers`}:

    CSV.new('').write_headers? # => nil

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 1928
    def write_headers?
      @writer_options[:write_headers]
    end

### Private Instance Methods

build_fields_converter(initial_converters, options) click to toggle source

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 2606
    def build_fields_converter(initial_converters, options)
      fields_converter = FieldsConverter.new(options)
      normalize_converters(initial_converters).each do |name, converter|
        fields_converter.add_converter(name, &converter)
      end
      fields_converter
    end

build_header_fields_converter() click to toggle source

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 2588
    def build_header_fields_converter
      specific_options = {
        builtin_converters: HeaderConverters,
        accept_nil: true,
      }
      options = @base_fields_converter_options.merge(specific_options)
      build_fields_converter(@initial_header_converters, options)
    end

build_parser_fields_converter() click to toggle source

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 2576
    def build_parser_fields_converter
      specific_options = {
        builtin_converters: Converters,
      }
      options = @base_fields_converter_options.merge(specific_options)
      build_fields_converter(@initial_converters, options)
    end

build_writer_fields_converter() click to toggle source

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 2601
    def build_writer_fields_converter
      build_fields_converter(@initial_write_converters,
                             @write_fields_converter_options)
    end

convert_fields(fields, headers = false) click to toggle source

Processes `fields` with `@converters`, or `@header_converters` if `headers` is passed as `true`, returning the converted field set. Any converter that changes the field into something other than a `String` halts the pipeline of conversion for that field. This is primarily an efficiency shortcut.

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 2551
    def convert_fields(fields, headers = false)
      if headers
        header_fields_converter.convert(fields, nil, 0)
      else
        parser_fields_converter.convert(fields, @headers, lineno)
      end
    end

determine_encoding(encoding, internal_encoding) click to toggle source

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 2514
    def determine_encoding(encoding, internal_encoding)
      # honor the IO encoding if we can, otherwise default to ASCII-8BIT
      io_encoding = raw_encoding
      return io_encoding if io_encoding

      return Encoding.find(internal_encoding) if internal_encoding

      if encoding
        encoding, = encoding.split(":", 2) if encoding.is_a?(String)
        return Encoding.find(encoding)
      end

      Encoding.default_internal || Encoding.default_external
    end

header_fields_converter() click to toggle source

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 2584
    def header_fields_converter
      @header_fields_converter ||= build_header_fields_converter
    end

normalize_converters(converters) click to toggle source

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 2529
    def normalize_converters(converters)
      converters ||= []
      unless converters.is_a?(Array)
        converters = [converters]
      end
      converters.collect do |converter|
        case converter
        when Proc # custom code block
          [nil, converter]
        else # by name
          [converter, nil]
        end
      end
    end

parser() click to toggle source

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 2614
    def parser
      @parser ||= Parser.new(@io, parser_options)
    end

parser_enumerator() click to toggle source

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 2623
    def parser_enumerator
      @parser_enumerator ||= parser.parse
    end

parser_fields_converter() click to toggle source

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 2572
    def parser_fields_converter
      @parser_fields_converter ||= build_parser_fields_converter
    end

parser_options() click to toggle source

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 2618
    def parser_options
      @parser_options.merge(header_fields_converter: header_fields_converter,
                            fields_converter: parser_fields_converter)
    end

raw_encoding() click to toggle source

Returns the encoding of the internal `IO` object.

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 2562
    def raw_encoding
      if @io.respond_to? :internal_encoding
        @io.internal_encoding || @io.external_encoding
      elsif @io.respond_to? :encoding
        @io.encoding
      else
        nil
      end
    end

writer() click to toggle source

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 2627
    def writer
      @writer ||= Writer.new(@io, writer_options)
    end

writer_fields_converter() click to toggle source

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 2597
    def writer_fields_converter
      @writer_fields_converter ||= build_writer_fields_converter
    end

writer_options() click to toggle source

    # File lib/csv.rb, line 2631
    def writer_options
      @writer_options.merge(header_fields_converter: header_fields_converter,
                            fields_converter: writer_fields_converter)
    end